Engaging in a New Field: Business-Owning Families’ Differential Approach to Impact Investing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24310/ejfbejfb.v11i1.12626Keywords:
Business-owning Family, Impact Investing, Venturing Philanhropy, Socio-emotional Wealth, Reference PointAbstract
We develop a theoretical framework explaining why and how business-owning families engage in impact investing. Despite its exponential growth, the burgeoning field of impact investing is still subject to competing interpretations and varying practices. Building on the framework proposed by Nason et al. (2019b), we argue that a business-owning families’s frame of reference (backward vs. forward-looking and internally vs. externally oriented) constitutes a relevant heterogeneity that triggers a unique driver for engaging in impact investing and a distinct set of practices to do so.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Agrawal, A., & Hockerts, K. (2019). Impact investing: review and research agenda. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, August. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2018.1551457
Berrone, P., Cruz, C., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2012). Socioemotional Wealth in Family Firms: Theoretical Dimensions, Assessment Approaches, and Agenda for Future Research. Family Business Review, 25(3), 258–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486511435355
Berrone, P., Cruz, C., Gomez-Mejia, L. R., & Larraza-Kintana, M. (2010). Socioemotional Wealth and Corporate Responses to Institutional Pressures: Do Family-Controlled Firms Pollute Less? Administrative Science Quarterly, 55(1), 82–113. https://doi.org/10.2307/27856089
Bertelsmann Stiftung. (2020). White Paper: How to increase family office engagement in Impact Investing?
Bingham, J. B., Dyer, W. G., Smith, I., & Adams, G. L. (2011). A Stakeholder Identity Orientation Approach to Corporate Social Performance in Family Firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(4), 565–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0669-9
Breeze, B. (2009). Natural Philanthropists : Findings of the Family Business Philanthropy and Social Responsibility Inquiry.
Bugg-Levine, A., & Emerson, J. (2011). Impact investing: Transforming how we make money while making a difference. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 6(3), 9–18.
Burns, C., Cottam, H., Vanstone, C., & Winhall, J. (2006). Red Paper 02: Transformation Design. In Design Council. https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/resources/report/red-paper-02-transformation-design
Campopiano, G., & De Massis, A. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting: A Content Analysis in Family and Non-family Firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 129(3), 511–534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2174-z
Cennamo, C., Berrone, P., Cruz, C., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2012). Socioemotional wealth and Proactive stakholder engagement: Why family-controlled firms care more about their stakeholders. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(6), 1153–1173.
Chalmers, D. (2020). Social Entrepreneurship’s Solutionism Problem. Journal of Management Studies, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12676
Chen, H. T., & Rossi, P. H. (1983). Evaluating with sense: The Theory-Driven Approach. Evaluation Review, 7(3), 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X8300700301
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & De Massis, A. (2015). A Closer Look at Socioemotional Wealth: Its Flows, Stocks, and Prospects for Moving Forward. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 39(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12155
Cohen, R. (2012). Big Society Capital marks a paradigm shift. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 10(3), 21–22. http://www.ronaldcohen.org/sites/default/files/3/Summer 202012_Big Society Capital Marks a Paradigm Shift.pdf
Cruz, C., Larraza-Kintana, M., Garcés-Galdeano, L., & Berrone, P. (2014). Are Family Firms Really More Socially Responsible? Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 38(6), 1295–1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12125
Danone. (2020). Danone Communities: Grameen Danone, Fighting Against Malnutrition In Bangladesh. https://www.danone.com/integrated-annual-reports/integrated-annual-report-2019/sustainable-projects/danone-communities-grameen.html
Deephouse, D. L., & Jaskiewicz, P. (2013). Do Family Firms Have Better Reputations Than Non-Family Firms? An Integration of Socioemotional Wealth and Social Identity Theories. Journal of Management Studies, 50(3), 337–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12015
Déniz, M., & Suárez, M. K. C. S. (2005). Corporate social responsibility and family business in Spain. Journal of Business Ethics, 56(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-3237-3
Dou, Zhang, & Su. (2014). Does Family Involvement Make Firms Donate More? Empirical Evidence From Chinese Private Firms. Family Business Review, 27(3), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486514538449
Dyer, W. G., & Whetten, D. A. (2006). Family Firms and Social Responsibility Preliminary Evidence from the S&P 500. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(6).
Ebrahim, A., Battilana, J., & Mair, J. (2014). The governance of social enterprises: Mission drift and accountability challenges in hybrid organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 34, 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2014.09.001
Ebrahim, A., & Rangan, V. K. (2014). What impact? A framework for measuring the scale and scope of social performance. California Management Review, 56(3), 118–141. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2014.56.3.118
European Venture Philanthropy Association. (2018). Investing for Impact: EVPA Impact Strategy Paper. In EVPA Investing for impact.
European Venture Philanthropy Association. (2020). The 2020 Investing for Impact Survey. https://indd.adobe.com/view/a15e37dd-6ec6-4947-8dbe-e427cfc6bf29
Feliu, N., & Botero, I. C. (2016). Philanthropy in Family Enterprises: A Review of Literature. Family Business Review, 29(1), 121–141.
Financial Times. (2017). Investing for Global Impact - Family Office and Family Foundation Research.
Findlay, S., & Moran, M. (2019). Purpose-washing of impact investing funds: motivations, occurrence and prevention. Social Responsibility Journal, 15(7), 853–873. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-11-2017-0260
Finnigan, M. (2016). Making scents: Benjamin Firmenich on engaging the next generation and Impact investing. Campden FB. https://www.campdenfb.com/article/making-scents-benjamin-firmenich-engaging-next-generation-and-impact-investing
Foley, S. (2016). How the next generation is shaping a new future with old money. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/5144467e-8ee3-11e6-a72e-b428cb934b78
Frumkin, P. (2003). Inside Venture Philanthrophy. Society, 40(4), 7–15.
Gibbon, J., & Dey, C. (2011). Developments in social impact measurement in the third sector: Scaling up or dumbing down? Social and Environmental Accountability Journal, 31(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969160X.2011.556399
Glänzel, G., & Scheuerle, T. (2016). Social Impact Investing in Germany: Current Impediments from Investors’ and Social Entrepreneurs’ Perspectives. Voluntas, 27(4), 1638–1668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9621-z
Glasrud, B. (2001). The Muddle of Outcome Measurement. Nonprofit World, 19(6), 35–37.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=13230989&site=ehost-live
Global Impact Investing Network. (2021). What you need to know about impact investing. https://thegiin.org/impact-investing/need-to-know/#what-is-impact-investing
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Campbell, J. T., Martin, G., Hoskisson, R. E., Makri, M., & Sirmon, D. G. (2014). Socioemotional Wealth as a Mixed Gamble: Revisiting Family Firm R&D Investments With the Behavioral Agency Model. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 38(6), 1351–1374. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12083
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Cruz, C., Berrone, P., & de Castro, J. (2011). The Bind that ties: Socioemotional wealth preservation in family firms. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 653–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2011.593320
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Patel, P. C., & Zellweger, T. M. (2018). In the Horns of the Dilemma: Socioemotional Wealth, Financial Wealth, and Acquisitions in Family Firms. Journal of Management, 44(4), 1369–1397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315614375
Graffin, S. D., Bundy, J., Porac, J. F., Wade, J. B., & Quinn, D. P. (2013). Falls from Grace and the Hazards of High Status: The 2009 British MP Expense Scandal and Its Impact on Parliamentary Elites. Administrative Science Quarterly, 58(3), 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839213497011
Gutterman, A. S. (2021). What Is Impact Investing?
Hand, D., Dithrich, H., Sunderji, S., & Nova, N. (2020). Annual Impact Investor Survey 2020.
Hannigan, T., & Casasnovas, G. (2020). New structuralism and field emergence: The co-constitution of meanings and actors in the early moments of social impact investing. In Macrofoundations: Exploring the institutionally situated nature of activity.
Harji, K., & Jackson, E. T. (2012). Accelerating impact: Achievements, challenges and what’s next in building the impact investing industry. In The Rockefeller Foundation (Issue July). https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20120707215852/Accelerating-Impact-Full-Summary.pdfs
Hehenberger, L. (2020). How to mainstream impact investing in Europe. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 1–6. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/how_to_mainstream_impact_investing_in_europe#
Hehenberger, L., Mair, J., & Metz, A. (2019). The assembly of a field ideology: An idea-centric perspective on systemic power in impact investing. Academy of Management Journal, 62(6), 1672–1704.
Höchstädter, A. K., & Scheck, B. (2015). What’s in a Name: An Analysis of Impact Investing Understandings by Academics and Practitioners. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(2), 449–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2327-0
Hwang, H., & Powell, W. W. (2009). The Rationalization of Charity : The Influences of Professionalism in the Nonprofit Sector. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54(2), 268–298.
IRIS. (2019). IRIS Metrics Online Catalogue.
Kellermanns, F. W., Eddleston, K. A., & Zellweger, T. M. (2012). Extending the Socioemotional Wealth Perspective: A Look at the Dark Side. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 36(6), 1175–1182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00544.x
Kolbel, J. F., Heeb, F., Paetzold, F., & Busch, T. (2020). Can Sustainable Investing Save the World? Reviewing the Mechanisms of Investor Impact. Organization and Environment, 33(4), 554–574. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026620919202
Labelle, R., Hafsi, T., Francoeur, C., & Ben Amar, W. (2018). Family Firms’ Corporate Social Performance: A Calculated Quest for Socioemotional Wealth. Journal of Business Ethics, 148(3), 511–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2982-9
Lähdesmäki, M., & Takala, T. (2012). Altruism in business - An empirical study of philanthropy in the small business context. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(3), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471111211247947
Lee, M., Adbi, A., & Singh, J. (2020). Categorical cognition and outcome efficiency in impact investing decisions. Strategic Management Journal, 41(1), 86–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3096
Luke, B. G. (2016). Measuring and reporting on social performance: From numbers and narratives to a useful reporting framework for social enterprises. Social and Environmental Accountability Journal, 36(2), 103–123.
Maas, K., & Liket, K. (2011). Talk the Walk : Measuring the Impact of Strategic Philanthropy. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(3), 445–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/sl0551-010-0690-z
Marques, P., Presas, P., & Simon, A. (2014). The Heterogeneity of Family Firms in CSR Engagement: The Role of Values. Family Business Review, 27(3), 206–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486514539004
Martinez-Romero, M. J., & Rojo-Ramirez, A. A. (2016). SEW: Looking for a definition and controversial issues. European Journal of Family Business, 6(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfb.2015.09.001
Moody, M. (2008). Building a culture: The construction and evolution of venture philanthropy as a new organizational Field. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 37(2), 324–352.
Mudaliar, A., Schiff, H., & Bass, R. (2016). Annual Impact Investor Survey 2016.
Nason, R., Carney, M., Le Breton-Miller, I., & Miller, D. (2019). Who cares about socioemotional wealth? SEW and rentier perspectives on the one percent wealthiest business households. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 10(2), 144–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2019.04.002
Nason, R., Mazzelli, A., & Carney, M. (2019). The ties that unbind: Socialization and business-owning family reference point shift. Academy of Management Review, 44(4), 846–870.
Nicholls, J., Lawlor, E., Neitzert, E., Goodspeed, T., & Cupitt, S. (2012). A guide to social return on investment: The SROI network. Accounting for Value.
Niehm, L. S., Swinney, J., & Miller, N. J. (2008). Community social responsibility and its consequences for family business performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(3), 331–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2008.00247.x
Palmer, D., & Barber, B. M. (2001). Challengers, elites, and owning families: A social class theory of corporate acquisitions in the 1960s. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(1), 87–120. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667126
Patel, P. C., & Chrisman, J. J. (2014). Risk abatement as a strategy for R&D investments in Family Firms. Strategic Management Journal, 35(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj
Peake, W. O., Cooper, D., Fitzgerald, M. A., & Muske, G. (2017). Family Business Participation in Community Social Responsibility: The Moderating Effect of Gender. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(2), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2716-z
Phillips, S. D., & Johnson, B. (2021). Inching to Impact: The Demand Side of Social Impact Investing. Journal of Business Ethics, 168, 615–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04241-5
Phills, J., Deiglmeier, K., & Miller, D. T. (2008). Rediscovering social innovation. Stanford Social Innovation Review, Fall, 34–43. http://www.sdgrantmakers.org/members/downloads/PhillsSan Diego-Social Innovation.pdf
Rangan, V. K. (2009). The Aravind Eye Hospital , Madurai, India : In Service. Harvard Business School.
Rangan, V. K., Appleby, S., & Moon, L. (2012). The promise of impact investing. Harvard Business School.
Rawhouser, H., Cummings, M., & Newbert, S. L. (2019). Social Impact Measurement: Current Approaches and Future Directions for Social Entrepreneurship Research. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 43(1), 82–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717727718
Reisman, J., & Olazabal, V. (2016). Situating the Next Generation of Impact Measurement and Evaluation for Impact Investing. The Rockefeller Foundation, October. https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20161207192251/Impact-Measurement-Landscape-Paper-Dec-2016.pdf
Richterich, R. (2018). Benjamin Firmenich, rebelle écolo parmi les chimistes. Le Temps. https://www.letemps.ch/economie/benjamin-firmenich-rebelle-ecolo-parmi-chimistes
Rogers, P. J. (2007). Theory-Based Evaluation: Reflections Ten Years On. In New directions for evaluation (Issue 114, pp. 63–67). https://doi.org/10.1002/ev
Rossi, P. H., Lipsey, M. W., & Freeman, H. E. (2004). Evaluation: A systematic approach (7th editio). Sage Publications.
Schickinger, A., Bierl, P. A., Leitterstorf, M. P., & Kammerlander, N. (2020). Family-related goals, entrepreneurial investment behavior, and governance mechanisms of single family offices: An exploratory study. Journal of Family Business Strategy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2020.100393
So, I., & Staskevicius, A. (2015). Measuring the “impact” in impact investing. In Harvard Business School.
Sullivan, P. (2015). When Impact Investing Stays Local. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/18/your-money/when-impact-investing-stays-local.html
Sullivan, P. (2021). An Argument for Investing Where the Return Is Social Change. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/02/your-money/impact-investing-social-change.html
Swab, R. G., Sherlock, C., Markin, E., & Dibrell, C. (2020). “SEW” What Do We Know and Where Do We Go? A Review of Socioemotional Wealth and a Way Forward. Family Business Review, 33(4), 424–445. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486520961938
The ImPact. (n.d.). The ImPact: About. https://www.theimpact.org/about
Tuan, M. T. (2008). Measuring and/or Estimating Social Value Creation: Insights Into Eight Integrated Cost Approaches. In Bill Melinda Gates Foundation. http://www.gatesfoundation.org/learning/documents/wwl-report-measuring-estimating-social-value-creation.pdf
UBS. (2019). The Global Family Office Report. https://www.ubs.com/global/en/wealth-management/uhnw/global-family-office-report/global-family-office-report-2019.html
UBS. (2020). Global Family Office Report. https://www.ubs.com/global/en/wealth-management/uhnw/global-family-office/global-family-office-report-2017.html
Uhlaner, L. M., van Goor-Balk, H. J. M., & Masurel, E. (2004). Family business and corporate social responsibility in a sample of Dutch firms. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11, 186–194.
Van Gils, A., Dibrell, C., Neubaum, D. O., & Craig, J. B. (2014). Social issues in the family enterprise. Family Business Review, 27(3), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486514542398
Voss, M. (2021). How Venture Philanthropy Works and Its Role in Effective Charity. In Stanford Social Innovation Review.
Weinstein, M. M., & Bradburd, R. M. (2014). The Robin Hood rules for smart giving.
Welsh, D. H. B., Memili, E., Rosplock, K., Roure, J., & Segurado, J. L. (2013). Perceptions of entrepreneurship across generations in family offices: A stewardship theory perspective. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 4(3), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2013.07.003
Wessel, S., Decker, C., Lange, K. S. G., & Hack, A. (2014). One size does not fit all: Entrepreneurial families’ reliance on family offices. European Management Journal, 32(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.08.003
World Economic Forum. (2014). Impact Investing: A primer for Family Offices.
Zahra, S. A. (2018). Entrepreneurial Risk Taking in Family Firms: The Wellspring of the Regenerative Capability. Family Business Review, 31(2), 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486518776871
Zellweger, T., Nason, R. S., Nordqvist, M., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Why do family firms strive for nonfinancial goals? An organizational identity perspective. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 37(2), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00466.x
Zientara, P. (2017). Socioemotional Wealth and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Critical Analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 144(1), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2848-1
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright generates two different rights: moral rights and patrimonial rights that EJFB recognizes and respects. Moral rights are those relating to the recognition of the authorship. They are rights of a personal nature that are perpetual, inalienable, unseizable and imprescriptible as consequence of the indivisible union of the author and his/her work. Patrimonial rights are those that can be derived from the reproduction, distribution, adaptation or communication of the work, among others.
Authors who publish in EJFB retain the copyright of their work and grant the right of its first publication to the journal in open access. EJFB is authorized to reproduce, distribute, disseminate or communicate the work under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 License. This means that you are free to share and adapt this work under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit to its author(s), which implie the right to be reconognized and cited correctly.
- NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.