The Ethological concept of Behavior
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24310/contrastes.29.2.2024.17031Keywords:
behavior, cognition, environment, ethology, organic reactionAbstract
The aim of this paper is to characterize the ethological concept of behavior. A concept that does not apply indiscriminately to all and any response that a living being can give to the stimuli of its external and internal environments; but that only refers to a particular type of biological reactions: those that can be directed, and functionally optimized, by virtue of learning processes guided by cognitions. This, in addition to requiring a very broad, but certainly not very demanding, characterization of what we understand by cognition, also contributes to establish the centrality and legitimacy of Cognitive Ethology within the universe of ethological studies.
Keywords: Behavior; Cognition; Environment; Ethology; Organic reaction.
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References
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CUVIER, F. (1810), «Description d’un orang-outang, et observations sur ses facultés intellectuelles», Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 16, pp. 46-65.
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DARWIN, C. (1879), The descent of man. London: Murray.
DAWKINS, M. (2007), Observing animal behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De FRIES, J.; PLOMIN, R.; McCLEARN, G. (1989), Behavioral Genetics. London: Freeman.
De WAAL, F. (2016), Are we smart enough to know how smart animals are? London: Norton.
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DEWSBURY, D. (1992), «On the problems studied in Ethology, Comparative Psychology, and Animal Behavior», Ethology, 92, pp. 89-107.
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DRETSKE, F. (1988), Explaining behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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JAMES, W. (1890), The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1. New York: Holt.
KÖHLER, W. (1925), The mentality of apes. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
KREBS, J. y DAVIES, N. (1997), The evolution of Behavioral Ecology, en J. Krebs y N. Davies (eds.), Behavioral Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 3-12.
KREUTZER, M. (2017), L’Éthologie. Paris: PUF.
LAZZERI, F. (2013), «Um estudo sobre definições de comportamento», Revista brasileira de análise do comportamento, 9, pp. 47-65
LEVITIS, D.; LIDIKER, W.; FREUND, G. (2009), «Behavioural biologists don’t agree on what constitutes behaviour», Animal behaviour, 78, pp. 103-110.
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LORENZ, K. (1981), The Foundations of Ethology. New York: Springer
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MAI, L.; OWL, M.; KERSTING, P. (2001), Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
MARLER, P. (1999), «Ethology», en R. Wilson y F. Keil (eds.), MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 288-289.
MARTÍNEZ-CONTRERAS, J. (2012), «La humanización de los simios», en J. Martínez-Contreras y A. Ponce de León (ed.), Darwin y el evolucionismo contemporáneo. México: Siglo XXI, pp. 327-342.
MILLIKAN, R. (1993a), «What is a behavior», en R. Millikan, White Queen Psychology and other essays for Alice. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 135-150.
MILLIKAN R. (1993b), «In defense of proper functions», en R. Millikan, White Queen Psychology and other essays for Alice. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 13-30.
MORGAN, C. (1891), Animal life and intelligence. Boston: Ginn.
MORGAN, C. (1900), Animal Behaviour. London: Arnold.
MORGAN, C. (1903), An Introduction to Comparative Psychology. London: Walter Scott.
OLMOS, A. (2018), El concepto de función y la explicación funcional de la Neuroetología. Buenos Aires: TeseoPress.
PAULY, P. (1987), Controlling life: Jacques Loeb and the engineering ideal in Biology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
PAVLOV, I. (1927), Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.
REAL, L. (1993), «Toward a Cognitive Ecology», Tree, 8, pp. 413-417.
RICHARDS, R. (1982), «The emergence of evolutionary biology of behaviour in the early nineteenth century», British Journal for the History of Science, 15, pp. 241-280.
RISTAU, C. (1992), «Cognitive Ethology: past, present and speculations on the future», Proceedings of the biennial meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1992-II, pp. 125-136
RISTAU, C. (1999), «Cognitive Ethology», en R. Wilson y F. Keil (eds.), MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 132-133.
ROMANES G. (1884a), Animal intelligence. New York: Appleton.
ROMANES G. (1884b), Mental evolution in animals. New York: Appleton.
RUSSELL, E. (1938), The behavior of animals. London: Arnold.
RUSSELL, E. (1945), The directiveness of organic activities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
RYAN, M. (2009), The evolution of behavior, and integrating it towards a complete and correct understanding of behavioral biology, en J. Bolhuis y S. Verhulst (eds), Tinbergen’s legacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 127-146.
RYLE, G. (2009), The concept of mind [1949]. London: Routledge.
SHETTLEWORTH, S. (2000), «Cognitive Ecology: field or label?», Tree, 15, p. 161.
SIMMONS, L. (2014), «25 years of Behavioral Ecology», Behavioral Ecology, 25, pp. 1-3.
SKINNER, B. (1938), The behavior of animals. N.Y. Appleton.
SKINNER, B. (1974), About behaviorism. New York: Knopf.
SMITH, C. (1972), The brain. London: Faber & Faber.
SMITH, C. (1975), The problem of life. London: Macmillan.
SMUTS, B. (2014), «Social behaviour among companion dogs with emphasis on play», en J. Kaminski y S. Marshall-Pescini (eds.), The social dog. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 105-129.
TINBERGEN, N. (1955), The study of instinct. Oxford: Clarendon.
TINBERGEN, N. (1963), «On the aims and methods of Ethology», Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20, pp. 410-433.
TINBERGEN, N. (1972), «Functional ethology and the human sciences», Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 182, pp. 385-410.
TINBERGEN, N. (1973), The animal in its world: explorations of an ethologist 1932-1972 (laboratory experiments and general papers). London: Allen & Unwin.
TINBERGEN, N. (1985), «Guerra y paz en los animales y en el hombre», en H. Friedrich (ed.), Hombre y animal. Orbis: Madrid, pp. 163-189.
TOLMAN, E. (1932), Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Century.
TOMASELLO, M. (1999), «Comparative Psychology», en R. Wilson y F. Keil (eds.), MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 150-151.
WASHBURN, M. (1908), The animal mind. New York: Macmillan.
WATSON, J. (1924), Behaviorism. New York: Norton.
WEBB, B. (2012), «Cognition in insects», Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367. pp. 2715-27122.
WILCOX, S. y JACKSON R. (2002), «Jumping spider tricksters: deceit, predation and cognition», en M. Bekoff; C. Allen; G. Burghardt (eds.), The cognitive animal. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 27-33.
WILSON, E. (1975), Sociobiology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
YOERG, S. y KAMIL, A. (1991), «Integrating Cognitive Ethology with Cognitive Psychology». C. Ristau (ed.), Cognitive Ethology. New York: Taylor & Francis, pp. 271-289.
ANDREWS, K. (2020), The animal mind. New York: Routledge.
BALDWIN, J. (1902), Development and evolution. New York: Macmillan.
BARNARD, C. (2004), Animal behavior. Harlow: Pearson.
BARTH, F. (2021), «A spider in motion: facets of sensory guidance», Journal of Comparative Physiology, 207, pp. 239–255.
BEKOFF, M. (2002), Minding animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
BEKOFF, M.; ALLEN, C.; BURGHARDT, G. (2002), Introduction to M. Bekoff; C. Allen; G. Burghardt (eds.), The cognitive animal. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. ix-xv.
BREED, M. y MOORE, J. (2012), Animal behavior. Elsevier: Amsterdam.
CANGUILHEM, G. (1955), La formation du concept de réflexe. Paris: PUF.
CAPONI, G. (2020), «The Darwinian Naturalization of Teleology», en L. Zaterka y L. Baravalle (ed.), Life and evolution. Basel: Springer, pp. 121-142.
CARRANZA, J. (2010), «El ámbito de estudio de la Etología», en J. Carranza (ed.), Etología. Cáceres: Universidad de Extremadura, pp. 19-24.
CRAVER, C. (2007), Explaining the brain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
CUTHILL I. (2009), «The study of function in Behavioral Ecology», en J. Bolhuis y S. Verhulst (eds.), Tinbergen’s legacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 107-126.
CUVIER, F. (1808), «Observations sur le chien de la Nouvelle-Holande, précédées de quelques réflexions sur les facultés morales des animaux», Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 11, pp. 458-476.
CUVIER, F. (1810), «Description d’un orang-outang, et observations sur ses facultés intellectuelles», Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 16, pp. 46-65.
DARWIN, C (1859), On the origins of species. London: Murray.
DARWIN, C. (1872), The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: Murray.
DARWIN, C. (1879), The descent of man. London: Murray.
DAWKINS, M. (2007), Observing animal behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De FRIES, J.; PLOMIN, R.; McCLEARN, G. (1989), Behavioral Genetics. London: Freeman.
De WAAL, F. (2016), Are we smart enough to know how smart animals are? London: Norton.
DEL CLARO, K. (2010), Introdução à Ecologia Comportamental. Rio de Janeiro: Technical Books.
DEWSBURY, D. (1992), «On the problems studied in Ethology, Comparative Psychology, and Animal Behavior», Ethology, 92, pp. 89-107.
DIÉGUEZ, A. (2014) La evolución del conocimiento. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.
DRETSKE, F. (1988), Explaining behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
DUGATKIN, L. (2020), Principles of animal behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
DUKAS R. (2009), Learning, mechanism, ecology and evolution, en R. Dukas y J. Ratcliffe (eds.), Cognitive Ecology Volume 2. Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp. 7-26.
DUKAS R. y RATCLIFFE J. (2009), Introduction to R. Dukas y J. Ratcliffe (eds.), Cognitive Ecology Volume 2. Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp. 1-6.
DUNBAR, R. (1999), «Sociobiology», en R. Wilson y F. Keil (eds.), MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 783-784.
DUPONT, J. y CHERICI, C. (2008) eds., Les querelles du cerveau. Paris: Vuibert.
DUPONT J. y CHERICI C. (2015) eds., L’exploration cérébrale. Paris: Hermann.
FLOURENS, P. (1841), Résumé analytique des observations de Frédéric Cuvier sur l’instinct et l’intelligence des animaux. Paris: Langlois & Leclercq.
FODOR J. (1989), Psychosemantics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
GODFREY-SMITH, P. (1998), «A modern history theory of function», en C. Allen, M. Bekoff; G. Lauder, (eds.), Nature’s purposes. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 453-478.
GODFREY-SMITH P. (2017), Other minds. London: Penguin
GÓMEZ, J. y COLMENARES, F. (1994), «La causación del comportamiento: modelos clásicos y causas externas», en J. Carranza (eds.), Etología. Cáceres: Universidad de Extremadura, pp. 41-62.
GOODALL, J. (1971), In the Shadow of Man. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
GRIFFIN D. (2002), Afterword to M. Bekoff; C. Allen; G. Burghardt (eds.), The cognitive animal. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 471-473.
HEALY, S. y BRAITHWAITE, V. (2000), «Cognitive Ecology: a field of substance?», Tree, 15, pp. 22-26.
HOGAN, J. y BOLHUIS, J. (2009), «Tinbergen’s four questions and contemporary», en J. Bolhuis y S. Verhulst (eds.), Tinbergen’s legacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 25-34.
JAMES, W. (1890), The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1. New York: Holt.
KÖHLER, W. (1925), The mentality of apes. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
KREBS, J. y DAVIES, N. (1997), The evolution of Behavioral Ecology, en J. Krebs y N. Davies (eds.), Behavioral Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 3-12.
KREUTZER, M. (2017), L’Éthologie. Paris: PUF.
LAZZERI, F. (2013), «Um estudo sobre definições de comportamento», Revista brasileira de análise do comportamento, 9, pp. 47-65
LEVITIS, D.; LIDIKER, W.; FREUND, G. (2009), «Behavioural biologists don’t agree on what constitutes behaviour», Animal behaviour, 78, pp. 103-110.
LOEB, J. (1912), «The significance of tropisms for Psychology», en J. Loeb, The mechanistic conception of life. Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp. 35-64.
LORENZ, K. (1981), The Foundations of Ethology. New York: Springer
LORENZ, K. (1984), «Adaptación filogenética y modificación del comportamiento a través de dicha adaptación»[1961], en K. Lorenz, Consideraciones sobre las conductas animal y humana. Barcelona: Planeta-Agostini, pp. 335-394.
MAI, L.; OWL, M.; KERSTING, P. (2001), Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
MARLER, P. (1999), «Ethology», en R. Wilson y F. Keil (eds.), MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 288-289.
MARTÍNEZ-CONTRERAS, J. (2012), «La humanización de los simios», en J. Martínez-Contreras y A. Ponce de León (ed.), Darwin y el evolucionismo contemporáneo. México: Siglo XXI, pp. 327-342.
MILLIKAN, R. (1993a), «What is a behavior», en R. Millikan, White Queen Psychology and other essays for Alice. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 135-150.
MILLIKAN R. (1993b), «In defense of proper functions», en R. Millikan, White Queen Psychology and other essays for Alice. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 13-30.
MORGAN, C. (1891), Animal life and intelligence. Boston: Ginn.
MORGAN, C. (1900), Animal Behaviour. London: Arnold.
MORGAN, C. (1903), An Introduction to Comparative Psychology. London: Walter Scott.
OLMOS, A. (2018), El concepto de función y la explicación funcional de la Neuroetología. Buenos Aires: TeseoPress.
PAULY, P. (1987), Controlling life: Jacques Loeb and the engineering ideal in Biology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
PAVLOV, I. (1927), Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.
REAL, L. (1993), «Toward a Cognitive Ecology», Tree, 8, pp. 413-417.
RICHARDS, R. (1982), «The emergence of evolutionary biology of behaviour in the early nineteenth century», British Journal for the History of Science, 15, pp. 241-280.
RISTAU, C. (1992), «Cognitive Ethology: past, present and speculations on the future», Proceedings of the biennial meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1992-II, pp. 125-136
RISTAU, C. (1999), «Cognitive Ethology», en R. Wilson y F. Keil (eds.), MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 132-133.
ROMANES G. (1884a), Animal intelligence. New York: Appleton.
ROMANES G. (1884b), Mental evolution in animals. New York: Appleton.
RUSSELL, E. (1938), The behavior of animals. London: Arnold.
RUSSELL, E. (1945), The directiveness of organic activities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
RYAN, M. (2009), The evolution of behavior, and integrating it towards a complete and correct understanding of behavioral biology, en J. Bolhuis y S. Verhulst (eds), Tinbergen’s legacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 127-146.
RYLE, G. (2009), The concept of mind [1949]. London: Routledge.
SHETTLEWORTH, S. (2000), «Cognitive Ecology: field or label?», Tree, 15, p. 161.
SIMMONS, L. (2014), «25 years of Behavioral Ecology», Behavioral Ecology, 25, pp. 1-3.
SKINNER, B. (1938), The behavior of animals. N.Y. Appleton.
SKINNER, B. (1974), About behaviorism. New York: Knopf.
SMITH, C. (1972), The brain. London: Faber & Faber.
SMITH, C. (1975), The problem of life. London: Macmillan.
SMUTS, B. (2014), «Social behaviour among companion dogs with emphasis on play», en J. Kaminski y S. Marshall-Pescini (eds.), The social dog. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 105-129.
TINBERGEN, N. (1955), The study of instinct. Oxford: Clarendon.
TINBERGEN, N. (1963), «On the aims and methods of Ethology», Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20, pp. 410-433.
TINBERGEN, N. (1972), «Functional ethology and the human sciences», Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 182, pp. 385-410.
TINBERGEN, N. (1973), The animal in its world: explorations of an ethologist 1932-1972 (laboratory experiments and general papers). London: Allen & Unwin.
TINBERGEN, N. (1985), «Guerra y paz en los animales y en el hombre», en H. Friedrich (ed.), Hombre y animal. Orbis: Madrid, pp. 163-189.
TOLMAN, E. (1932), Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Century.
TOMASELLO, M. (1999), «Comparative Psychology», en R. Wilson y F. Keil (eds.), MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 150-151.
WASHBURN, M. (1908), The animal mind. New York: Macmillan.
WATSON, J. (1924), Behaviorism. New York: Norton.
WEBB, B. (2012), «Cognition in insects», Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367. pp. 2715-27122.
WILCOX, S. y JACKSON R. (2002), «Jumping spider tricksters: deceit, predation and cognition», en M. Bekoff; C. Allen; G. Burghardt (eds.), The cognitive animal. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 27-33.
WILSON, E. (1975), Sociobiology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
YOERG, S. y KAMIL, A. (1991), «Integrating Cognitive Ethology with Cognitive Psychology». C. Ristau (ed.), Cognitive Ethology. New York: Taylor & Francis, pp. 271-289.
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2024-09-09
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Caponi, G. (2024). The Ethological concept of Behavior. Contrastes. Revista Internacional De Filosofía, 29(2), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.24310/contrastes.29.2.2024.17031
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