Worry about crime in safe places: An exploratory study about subjective safety in Quito, Ecuador
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24310/Boletin-criminologico.2020.v27i.11277Keywords:
police legitimacy;, ethnography;, risk of victimization;, composed cognitive mapAbstract
This study is part of the initial efforts to explore the relationship between citizens’ security expectations and the operational management of the Ecuadorian police. The article analyses how the concern for becoming a victim of a crime is not always linked to the improvements and efforts to control the objective crime. Through a survey carried out in the district Las Casas 1 of Quito, we examine the relationship between the concern for becoming a victim of a crime and demographic, social, environmental and policing variables. In addition, we identify the hotspots of fear of crime and their situational elements through composed cognitive maps. We discuss the manner in which this new instrument could motivate the interest of the police in dealing with the perceived crime.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Anrango, D. (2019). Ecuador, un reflejo del hambre por el pensamiento criminológico. Innovación y Saber 6 Revista Institucional, 6, 140-162.
Asmann, P. & O’Really, E. (2019). Balance de Insight Crime de los homicidios en 2019. https://es.insightcrime.org/noticias/analisis/balance-homicidios-2019/
Barcia, S., Ramírez, L. & Parrales, R. (2018). Efectos de dinámicas macroeconómicas en la idea de situación delictiva: el caso de Playa Murciélago, Manta, Ecuador. Estudio a partir de los Mapas Cognitivos Compuestos (MCC). Espacio Abierto Cuaderno Venezolano de Sociología, 27(4), 147-160.
Bennett, T. (1989). Contact Patrols in Birmingham and London: An Evaluation of Fear Reducing Strategy. University of Cambridge.
Berenbaum, H. (2010). An Initiation-termination two phase model of worrying. Clinical Psychological Review, 45(10), 2473-2482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.011
Berenbaum, H., Thompson, R. & Pomerantz, E. (2007). The relation between worrying and concerns: The importance of perceived probability and cost. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(2), 301-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.009
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. (2018). La gestión de la información para la prevención del delito. El caso del Departamento de Análisis de Información del Delito (DAID). https://publications.iadb.org/publications/spanish/document/La-gestion-de-la-informacion-para-la-prevencion-del-delito.pdf
Bound, J., Brown, C. & Mathiowetz, N. (2001). Measurement Error in Survey Data. En J. Heckman, & E. Learner, Handbook of Econometrics. Elsevier Science.
Brotat, R. (2014). La seguridad urbana: entre la seguridad ciudadana, el civismo y la convivencia en espacios públicos [Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Barcelona]. https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tesis/2014/hdl_10803_134667/rbij1de1.pdf
Brown, B. & Benedict, W. (2002). Perceptions of the police Past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues and policy implications. An International Journal of Police Strategies & Managment, 25(3),543-580. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510210437032
Buckley, M., Cote, J. & Comstock, S. (1990). Measurement errors in the behavioral sciences: The case of personality/attitude research. American Psychological Association, 50(3), 47-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164490503001
Buil-Gil, D., Moreth, A., Shlomo, N. & Medina, J. (2019). Worry about crime in Europe: A model-based small area estimation from the European Social Survey. European Journal of Criminology, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370819845752
Cano, I. (2017). Introducción: la singularidad de la violencia letal en América Latina. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 116, 129-157. https://www.cidob.org/es/articulos/revista_cidob_d_afers_internacionals/116/introduccion_la_singularidad_de_la_violencia_letal_en_america_latina
Carrer, F. (2000). Sicurezza in città e qualità della vita. Editrice Liberetà.
Castro, A., Anrango, D., Abarca, A., Carvajal, R., Maldonado, D., Alvarado, O., Jácome, J., Jácome, P., Mancero, J., Chávez, A. (2015). Aplicación de Mapas Cognitivos Compuestos en barrios de Quito; Guayaquil y Esmeraldas Ecuador. Presentación Inédita Departamento de Análisis de Información del Delito.
Castro, A. (2018). Séptimo Seminario Internacional de Análisis Delictual. Ministerio del Interior.
Castro, F. (2019). Sociedad Tecnológica y Miedo al Crimen. Edisofer S.L.
Chataway, M. & Hart, T. (2016). (Re) Assessing contemporary “fear of crime” measures within an Australian context. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 47(9), 195-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.06.004
Chioda, L. (2016). Fin de la Violencia en América Latina. Una mirada a la prevención desde la infancia a la edad adulta. World BankGroup. https://www.oas.org/ext/es/seguridad/red-prevencioncrimen/Recursos/Biblioteca-Digital/ArtMID/1698/ArticleID/178/Fin-a-la-violencia-en-Am%C3%A9rica-Latina-Una-mirada-a-laprevenci%C3%B3n-desde-la-infancia-a-la-edad-adulta
Chioda, L. (2017). Stop the Violence in Latin America: A Look at Prevention From Cradle to Adulthood. World BankGroup. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25920
Cisneros, J. (2008). La geografía del miedo en la ciudad de México; el caso de dos colonias de la delegación Cuauhtémoc. El Cotidiano, 152, 59-72.
Clark, J. (2003). Fear in fear-of-crime. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 10(2), 267-282. https://doi.org/10.1375/pplt.2003.10.2.267
Córdova, A. (2014, 10 de julio). Conozca la nueva herramienta de la Policía para luchar contra el crimen [Video]. Dailymotion. https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x218qag
Crank, J., Andrew, G. & Cary, H. (2003). Fear of crime in a nonurban setting. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31 (3), 249-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(03)00006-0
Damert, L., Salazar, F., Mont, C. & González, P. (2010). Crimen e Inseguridad: Indicadores para las Américas. FLACSO-Chile. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320087314_Crimen_e_Inseguridad_Indicadores_para_las_Americas
Departamento de Análisis de Información del Delito [DAID] (2020). Cifras de violencia a nivel nacional. Documento inédito.
Departamento de Análisis de Información del Delito [DAID]. (2018). Análisis de los indicadores CMI 2016 vs 2017. Informe de Análisis Inédito.
Dirección General de Operaciones de la Policía Ecuador [DGO] (2018). Plan Estratégico de Seguridad Integral Fronteriza. Informe institucional inédito.
Eck, J. & Weisburd, D. (2015). Crime Places in Crime Theory. Hebrew University of Jerusalem Legal Research Paper, 4(6), 1-33. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245815360_Crime_Places_in_Crime_Theory
Ferraro, K. & LaGrange, R. (1987). The measurement of fear of crime. Sociological Inquiry, 57(1), 70-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01181.x
Ferrell, J., Hayward, K. & Young, J. (2015). Cultural Criminology: An Invitation. Sage.
Fisher, B. & Nasar, J. (1992). Fear of crime in relation to three exterior site features: Prospect, refuge, and escape. Environment and Behaviour, 24(1), 35-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916592241002
Fleetwood, J. & Potter, G. (2017). Ethnographic research on crime and control: Editors` introduction. Methodological Innovations, 10(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059799117728859
Gainey, R., Alper, M. & Chappell, A. (2010). Fear of Crime Revisited: Examining the Direct and Indirect Effects of Disorder, Risk Perception, and Social Capital. The American Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(1), 120-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-010-9089-8
Garófalo, J. & Laub, J. (1978). The Fear of Crime: Broadening Our Perspective. Victimology, 3(4): 242-253.
Gerring, J. & Christenson, D. (2017). Applied Social Science Methodology: An Introductory Guide. University Press.
Gilmartin, P. (2000). Cognitive Maps and the Fear of Crime. En S. Linda, & D. Borden, Atlas of Crime: Mapping the Criminal Landscape. Oryx Press.
Glaser, B. & Straus, A. (2000). The Discovery of Grounded theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Transaction Publisher.
Gray, E., Jackson, J. & Farral, S. (2011). Feelings and functions in the fear of crime: Applying a new approach to victimisation insecurity. British Journal of Criminology, 51(1), 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq066
Guillen, F. (2015). Modelos de Policía y Seguridad [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona]. https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/291813/fgl1de1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Guillén, F. (2016). Modelos de policía. Hacia un modelo de seguridad plural. BoschEditor.
Hale, C. (1996). Fear of crime: a review of literature. International Review of Victimology, 4, 79-150.
Hale, C., Andrews, G. & Box, S. (1996). Explaining Fear of Crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 28(3), 340-356.
Hirschman, E. & Thompson, C. (1997). Why media matter: Toward a richer understanding of consumers’ relationship with advertising and mass media. Journal of Advertising, 26(1), 43-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1997.10673517
Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (1997). “The risk society in an age of anxiety: situating fear of crime”. British journal of Sociology, 48(2), 255-266. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/591751.pdf
Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (2005). Doing Qualitative Research Differently: Free Association, Narrative and the Interview Method. Sage Publications.
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos [INEC] (2019). Ecuador-Encuesta de Victimización y Percepción de Inseguridad 2011. Recuperado el Mayo de 2020, de Estadísticas Sociodemográficas: https://anda.inec.gob.ec/anda/index.php/catalog/673/data_dictionary
Ingarapé. (2017). Latin America can reduce homicide by 50 percent in 10 year. Instinto de Vida. https://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/11-08-2017-Campanha-Instinto-de-Vida-EN.pdf
Jackson, J. & Gouseti, I. (2013). Fear of crime and the Psychology of Risk. London School of Economics & Political Science, 1594-1603. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2141537
Kandel, E. (2001). Principios de Neurociencia. McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
Kesteren, J., Dijk, J. & Mayhew, P. (2014). The International Crime Victims Surveys: A retrospective. International Review of Victimology, 20(1), 49-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758013511742
Kinsbourne, M. (1987). Brain mechanisms and memory. Human Neurobiology, 6(2), 81-92.
Krosnick, J. (1999). Survey research. Annual Review of Psychology, 50(1), 537-576. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.537
LaGrange, R., Ferraro, K. & Supanic, M. (1992). Perceived risk and fear of crime: Role of Social and Physical Incivilities. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29(3), 311-334. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427892029003004
Lindquist, J. & Duke, J. (1982). The Elderly Victim at Risk: Explaining the Fear - Victimization Paradox. Criminology, 20(1), 115-126. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00451.x
Lynch, K. (1960) (1990). The Image of the City. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology : Press.
Matsueda, R. (2013). The Macro-Micro Problem in Criminology Revised. The Criminologist, 8(1), 1-7.
Mesch, G. (2000). Perception of Risk, Lifestyle Activities, and Fear of Crime. Deviant Behavior, 21(1), 47-62. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247130596_Perceptions_of_Risk_Lifestyle_Activities_and_Fear_of_Crime
Meyer, T., Miller, M., Metzger, R. & Borkovec, T. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
Morin, R., Parker, K., Stepler, R. & Mercer, A. (2017). Behind the Badge Amid protests and calls for reform, how police view their jobs, key issues and recent fatal encounters between blacks and police. Pew Research Center. https://assets.pewresearch.org/wpcontent/uploads/sites/3/2017/01/06171402/Police-Report_FINAL_web.pdf
Muggah, R. & Aguirre, K. (2018). Citizen security in Latin América: The Hard Facts. Ingarapé Institute. https://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Citizen-Security-in-Latin-America-Facts-and-Figures.pdf
Murphy, K., Mazerolle, L. & Bennett, S. (2013). Promoting trust in police: findings from a randomised experimental field trial of procedural justice policing. Policing and Society, 24(4), 405-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.862246
Murrià, M. & Gonzáles, G. (2011). La seguridad ciudadana: instrumentos de análisis. http://www.fes-sociologia.com/files/congress/10/grupos-trabajo/ponencias/631.pdf
Nasar, J. & Fisher, B. (1993). Hot spots of fear and crime: A multi-method investigation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(3), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80173-2
Nasar, J., Fisher, B. & Grannis, M. (1993). Proximate physical cues to fear of crime. Landscape and Urban Planning, 26(1), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(93)90014-5
Newburn, T. & Stanko, E. (1994). Fear of Crime in Elderly Women: Perceptions of Control, Predictability, and Territoriality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10(2), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167284102004
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2020, 21 de junio). Intentional homicides – Ecuador. https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/VC.IHR.PSRC.MA.P5?locations=EC
Ordoñez, A., Mariotti, C. & Borja, I. (2015). Sharing the fruits of progress poverty reduction in Ecuador. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10212.pdf
Ortega, H., Castillo, V. & Centeno, O. (2005). Masculinidad y factores socioculturales asociados a la paternidad. Centroamérica: Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas.
Pearson, A. (2013). The association between the fear of crime, and mental and physical wellbeing in New Zealand. Social Indicators Research, 119, 281-294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0489-2.
Sampson, R. & Raudenbush, S. W. (2004). Seeing disorder: neighborhood stigma and the social construction of “broken windows”. Soc Psychol Q, 67(4), 319-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250406700401
Sherman , L. (2010). Lees Prison, More Police and Less Crime: How Criminology Can SaveThe States From Bankruptcy. [ponencia]. Estados Unidos. https://nij.ojp.gov/media/video/23806
Skogan, W. (2006). Asymmetry in the impact of encounters with police. Police & Society, 16(2), 99-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460600662098
Smith, C. & Patterson, G. (1980). Cognitive Mapping and the Subjective Geography of Crime From Crime - A Spatial Perspective. National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 205-218.
Spelman, W. (2004). Optimal targeting of incivility-reduction strategies. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20(1): 63:88. https://doi,org/10.1023/B:JOQC.0000016700.27654.76
Sunshine, J. & Tyler, T. (2003). The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law and Society Review, 37(3), 513-547. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1555077?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
Tom Liuou, K. & Savage, E. (1996). Citizen perception of community policing impact. Public Administration Quarterly, 20(2), 163-179. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40861673?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
Torresano, M. & López, C. (2018). La gestión de la información para la prevención del delito: El caso del Departamento de Análisis de Información del Delito (DAID). Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. https://publications.iadb.org/es/la-gestionde-la-informacion-para-la-prevencion-del-delito-el-caso-del-departamento-deanalisis-de
Tulvin, E. (1995). Introduction to the Section on Memory. En M. Gazzaniga, The Cognitive Neurosciences (págs. pp. 751-753). MIT Press.
Van Bakergem, M., Sommer, E., Heerman, W., Chipp, J. & Barkin, S. (2017). Objective reports versus subjective perceptions of crime and their relationships to accelerometer-measured physical activity in Hispanic caretaker-child dyads. Preventive Medicine, (95), S68-74.
Van Kesteren, J., Van Dijk, J. & Mayhew, P. (2014). The International Crime Victims Surveys: A retrospective. International Review of Victimology, 20(1), 49-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758013511742
Vieno, A. & Roccato, M. (2013). Is fear of crime social and economic insecurity in disguise? A multilevel multinational analysis. Journal of Community and Applied Psychology , 23(6), 519-535. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2150
Vozmediano, L., San Juan, C. & Vegara, A. (2008). Problemas de medición del miedo al delito. Revista Electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología, 10(7), 7-17. https://criminet.ugr.es/recpc/10/recpc10-07.pdf
Warr, M. (2000). Fear of Crime in the United States: Avenues for Research and Policy. Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice, 4, 452-489.
Weisburd, D. (2014). The Law of Crime Concentration and the Criminology of Place. Criminology, Vol. 53(2),133-157. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12070
Weisburd, D. & Eck, J. (2004). What Can the Police Do to Reduce Crime, Disorder, and Fear? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593(1), 42-65. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240696007_What_Can_Police_Do_to_Reduce_Crime_Disorder_and_Fear
Weisburd, D. & Telep, C. (2014). Policía y micro-geografía del crimen. Evaluaciones científicas acerca de la eficacia de vigilar puntos calientes y lugares. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. https://publications.iadb.org/es/publicacion/16796/policia-y-micro-geografia-del-crimen-evaluaciones-cientificasacerca-de-la
Weisburd, D., Bushway, C., Lum, C. & Yan, S.-M. (2004). Trajectories of Crime at Places: A Longitudinal Study of Street Segments in the City of Seattle. Criminology, 42(2) 283-321. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2632683
Weisburd, D., Groff, E. & Yang, S. (2012). The criminology of place: Street segments and our understanding of the crime problem. Oxford University Press.
Wentz, E. & Schlimgen, K. (2012). Citizens’ perceptions of police service and police response to community concerns. Journal of Crime and Justice, 35(1), 114-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2011.631412
Wilson, J. & Kelling, G. (1982). Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety. Atlantic Monthly, (211), 29-38.
Wortley, R. & Townsley, M. (2016). Environmental criminology and crime analysis. Routledge.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Con la aceptación de este aviso el/los autor/es declara/n:
- Que el artículo se deriva de una investigación propia, que no ha sido publicado en el mismo formato que se presenta y que no está siendo objeto de postulación para su publicación en otra revista simultáneamente y con el mismo formato.
- Que acepta/n someter a evaluación el artículo, y a proceder en el término establecido a las correcciones que se indiquen, como condición para su publicación.
- Que existe conformidad con la política editorial de la revista Boletín Criminológico en lo relativo a la difusión de sus contenidos por correo electrónico en el formato pdf, y a través de su página web y de los directorios de revistas en los que está indizada .
- Que a tal efecto, por la presente el/los autor/es cede/n los derechos de difusión y reproducción del artículo presentado al Boletín Criminológico para todas las ediciones de la revista.
La revista se publica bajo el sistema de licencias Creative Commons según la modalidad «Reconocimiento – NoComercial (by-nc): Se permite la generación de obras derivadas siempre que no se haga un uso comercial. Tampoco se puede utilizar la obra original con finalidades comerciales». La revista se publica y se gestiona mediante el software Open Journal Systems.
3.png)
