Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Twitch and propaganda: use of innovative platforms to interact with audiences
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24310/TSN.2020.vi10.13648Keywords:
Streaming, Twitch, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, esports, gaming, propagandaAbstract
The 2020 United States presidential election has represented a milestone due to the intensity of the campaign, the context of pandemic or, among other issues, the high social conflict experienced after its culmination, with the assault on the Capitol on January 6 as the maximum expression of virulence. But, furthermore, they have also been the scenario for the launching of initiatives that could be perceived as groundbreaking, with politicians and candidates developing actions that allowed them to connect with new and young audiences through channels and formats not previously used. This has been the case of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who on October 20 livestreamed on Twitch a game, along with prominent content creators, of the video game Among Us, with a peak audience of more than 400,000 people connected at the same time, in which could be established as a new form of connecting with the people.
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References
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Yus, F.: Live streaming on twitch: More pragmatics than meets the eye.
Alter, C. (2019): «“Change is closer than we think”. Inside Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's unlikely rise», en Time, 21 de marzo. Recuperado de https://time.com/longform/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-profile/
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Bennett, W. L.; y Livinstong, S. (2018): «The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions», en European Journal of Communications, 33 (2), pp. 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317
Complex (2020): VP-Elect Kamala Harris Goes Sneaker Shopping With Complex (vídeo), 26 de octubre. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUpWGOEXcHg
Cruz Lera, E. (2019): «Las mujeres del establishment vs el escuadrón: Estilos de representación política femenina en el Congreso de EE UU», en Norteamérica. Revista Académica Del CISAN-UNAM, 15 (1). doi: 10.22201/cisan.24487228e.2020.1.389
Drainville, R.; y Mina, A. X. (2018): «Trump has twitter. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is winning Instagram», en Fastcompany. Recuperado de https://www.fastcompany.com/90259343/trump-has-twitter-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-is-winning-instagram
Drakulich, K.; Wozniak, K. H.; Hagan, J.; Johnson, D. (2020): «Race and policing in the 2016 presidential election: Black lives matter, the police, and dog whistle politics», en Criminology (58), pp. 370-402, https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12239
EkstEEn, R. (2020): «The constitutional requirements and processes to remove a president of the USA from office: The case of president Donald Trump in a politically charged atmosphere», en Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, 60 (3), pp. 619-645.
Friedman, L. (2019): «What is the Green New Deal? A climate proposal, explained», en The New York Times. Recuperado de https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/climate/green-new-deal-questions-answers.html
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García, G. J. (2021): «Twitch desafía a Netflix y a las televisiones y asalta el entretenimiento convencional», en El País. Recuperado de https://retina.elpais.com/retina/2021/01/06/tendencias/1609956997_490343.html
García, M. (2018): «Esta es la campaña que ha llevado a una millennial a una victoria histórica en la política neoyorkina», en Brandemia. Recuperado de https://brandemia.org/esta-es-la-campana-que-ha-llevado-una-millennial-una-victoria-historica-en-la-politica-neoyorkina
García-Ortega, A.; y García-Avilés, J. A. (2021): «Uso del diseño lúdico para combatir la desinformación», en Revista ICONO14. Revista Científica de Comunicación y Tecnologías Emergentes, 19 (1). doi: 10.7195/ri14.v19i1.1598
Gillespie, T. (2010): «The politics of “platforms”», en New Media & Society, 12 (3), pp. 347-364. doi: 10.1177/1461444809342738
Guimón, P. (2020): «Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez gana las primarias demócratas en Nueva York, en El País. Recuperado de https://elpais.com/internacional/2020-06-24/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-gana-en-nueva-york.html
Hamari, J.; y Sjöblom, M. (2017): «What is eSports and why do people watch it?», en Internet Research, 27 (2), pp. 211-232. doi: 10.1108/IntR-04-2016-0085
Hilvert-Bruce, Z.; Neill, J. T.; Sjöblom, M.; y Hamari, J. (2018): «Social motivations of live-streaming viewer engagement on Twitch», en Computers in Human Behavior, 84, pp. 58-67. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.013
Illa, S. (2021): «Esta Nochevieja no la podemos celebrar como otros años. Yo he dado la bienvenida al 2021 con mi familia» (tweet), 1 de enero de Twitter. https://twitter.com/salvadorilla/status/1344784830433779712
Khan, I. (2021): «Twitch is having a political renaissance», en Wired. Recuperado de https://www.wired.com/story/politicians-twitch-voters-georgia-election/
Mcloughlin, M.; y Cid, G. (2021): «Cómo España se ha convertido en una potencia mundial de Twitch y rompe récords», en El Confidencial, 1 de enero. Recuperado de https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/2021-01-18/espana-potencia-mundial-twitch-streaming-records_2907775/
Merriam-Webster (s. d.): «Squad», en Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Recuperado el 18 de enero de 2021 de https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/squad
Mittal, A.; y Wohn, D. Y. (2019): «Charity streaming: Why charity organizations use live streams for fundraising», en Chi Play, 19, pp. 551-556. doi: 10.1145/3341215.3356280
Moreno, J. A. (2020): «Game rules vs. fandom. How Nintendo's Animal Crossing fan-made content negotiates the videogame meanings», en Ámbitos (47), pp. 212-237.
O'Connel, T. (2020): «The US military's attempts to recruit gen-Z gamers on twitch is predatory and problematic», en Business Insider. Recuperado de https://www.businessinsider.com/us-army-recruit-recruitment-kids-gen-z-twitch-predatory-navy-2020-9
Ocasio-Cortez, A (@AOC) (2020a): Vídeo en streaming, 21 de octubre. Twitch. Recuperado de https://www.twitch.tv/videos/776770697
Ocasio-Cortez, A (@AOC) (2020b): «Today I'm using the stream to fundraise for local food pantries, eviction defense legal aid, & community support organizations» (tweet), 27 de noviembre. Twitter. https://twitter.com/AOC/status/1332495107313033218
Pereira, I. (2020): «AOC pays virtual visits to fans in their “Animal Crossing” islands, en ABC News. Recuperado de https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/aoc-pays-virtual-visits-fans-animal-crossing-islands/story?id=70577343
Pizarro, F. (2020): «How AOC showed politicians the power of live-streaming», en Fortune. Recuperado de https://fortune.com/2020/12/08/aoc-twitch-live-streaming-young-voters/
Ransby, B. (2019): «“The Squad” is the future of politics», en The New York Times. Recuperado de https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/opinion/the-squad-democrats.html
Recktenwald, D. (2017): «Toward a transcription and analysis of live streaming on Twitch», en Journal of Pragmatics, 115, pp. 68-81. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2017.01.013
Recktenwald, D. (2018): The Discourse of Online Live Streaming on Twitch: Communication between Conversation and Commentary (disertación). Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Sicart, M. Newsgames: «Theory and design», en Entertainment computing-ICEC 2008, pp. 27-33. Berlín, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-89222-9_4
Sjöblom, M.; y Hamari, J. (2017): «Why do people watch others play video games? an empirical study on the motivations of twitch users», en Computers in Human Behavior, 75, pp. 985-996. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.019
Streamlabs (2020): Streamlabs quarterly report Q3 2020.
Taylor, N.; Szablewicz, M.; Bowman, N.; y Harper, T. (2013): Watching the watchers: New perspectives on spectatorship, gaming and online media.
Taylor, T. L. (2006): Play between worlds: Exploring online game culture. The MIT Press.
Taylor, T. L. (2018): Watch me play: Twitch and the rise of game live streaming. Princeton University Press.
Tejedor, S.; y Tusa, F. (2020): «Los newsgames como herramienta periodística: Estudio de caso de experiencias de éxito», en Revista Prisma Social 30, pp. 115-140. Recuperado de https://revistaprismasocial.es/article/view/1543
Watts, E. R.; Koban, K.; y Bowman, N. D. (2021): «Digital gaming audiences: Awareness, without closeness», en Entertainment Computing, 36.
Wohn, D. Y.; y Freeman, G. (2020): «Audience Management Practices of Live Streamers on Twitch», en IMX 2020-Proceedings of the 2020 ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences, pp. 106-116. IMX 2020-Proceedings of the 2020 ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1145/3391614.3393653
Woodcock, J.; y Johnson, M. R. (2019): «The affective labor and performance of live streaming on twitch.tv», en Television & New Media, 20 (8), pp. 813-823. doi: 10.1177/1527476419851077
Wulf, T.; Schneider, F. M.; y Beckert, S. (2018): «Watching players: An exploration of media enjoyment on twitch», en Games and Culture, 15 (3). doi.org/10.1177/1555412018788161
Yus, F.: Live streaming on twitch: More pragmatics than meets the eye.
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2020-12-01
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Cerqueira-Sobrino, A. (2020). Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Twitch and propaganda: use of innovative platforms to interact with audiences. TSN. Transatlantic Studies Network, (10), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.24310/TSN.2020.vi10.13648
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