The genesis of American aesthetics
Pioneers, colonial spirit and the resignification of the aesthetic experience in the 19th century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24310/Metyper.2012.vi28.14076Keywords:
American cultural history, american philosophy, aesthetics, pioneer culture, 19th centuryAbstract
In this article we propose a general approach to the emergence of aesthetics in 19th century American culture. Using a historical-critical approach, we develop this work in three parts. First, we analyze the features of the two dominant interpretive theories, whose core argument consists in sustaining the absence of an American aesthetic tradition in the 19th century. The theory of the "pioneer influence", on the one hand, is associated with the thesis that the absence of an American aesthetics in the 19th century is due to a materialistic culture and refractory to art generated from the figure of the pioneer. The "cultural colonization" theory, on the other hand, revolves around the idea of a passive importation of cultural paradigms from Europe as a characteristic feature of American aesthetics of the time.
Second, we argue that in the works of many American thinkers since (at least) the nineteenth century there are sketches that lay the foundation for American aesthetic culture. The relevance of the works of these authors, frequently unjustly forgotten, is overlooked due to the limitations of the dominant theories mentioned (the theory of "pioneer influence" and that of “cultural colonization ").
Finally, starting from what developed in the previous point, we argue that it is possible to develop an alternative interpretation to the two dominant theories, which highlights the fragmentary, discontinuous and interdisciplinary nature of the emergence of aesthetics in the 19th century United States. This interpretation (in this article only outlined) is fundamental, in our opinion, to have a complete understanding of the systematic emergence of American aesthetics (whether we place it in the work of George Santayana or in that of John Dewey) and the various ways in which they thematized about aesthetic experience in its context.
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References
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Alcott, A.B., Jones, H.K., Harris, W.T., Emery, S.H. Jr. y Sanborn, F.B., “The Concord Summer School of Philosophy”; en The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, vol. 14, núm. 1, 1880, pp. 135-138.
Allston, W., Lectures on Art and Poems. Nueva York: Baker and Scribner, 1841.
Antonio Fernández Diez, “Una historia común y más amplia. El concepto de experiencia en Emerson y Dewey”; en Arenas, L. et al. (eds.), John Dewey: Una estética de este mundo. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza, 2018, pp. 119-146
Banta, M. One Truth Theory and the Quest for an American Aesthetics. New Haven y Londres: Yale University Press, 2007.
Banta, M., “Raw, Ripe, Rot: Nineteenth-Century Pathologies of American Aesthetics”; en American Literary History, vol. 17, núm. 4, 2005, p. 672. Doi: 10.1093/alh/ahi052.
Bayer, R., Historia de la estética. Reuter, J. (trad.). México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2014.
Baym, M. I., A History of Literary Aesthetics in America. Nueva York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1973.
Burton, R.C., “Margaret Fuller's Criticism of the Fine Arts”; en College English, vol. 6, núm. 1, pp. 18-23.
Cahill, E., Liberty of the Imagination: Aesthetic Theory, Literary Form, and Politics in the Early United States. Filadelfia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
Cavanaugh, C. A., “The Aeolian Harp: Beauty and Unity in The Poetry and Prose of Ralph Waldo Emerson”; en Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature, vol. 56, núm. 1, 2002, pp. 25-35.
Channing, W. E., Remarks on the Character and Writings of John Milton. Boston: Isaac R. Butts and Co., 1826.
Cheever, S., American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau: Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Nueva York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2007.
Comfort, G. F. “Esthetics in Collegiate Education”; en The Methodist Quarterly Review, vol. 27, núm. 49, 1867, pp. 572-590.
Dewey, J. “George Sylvester Morris: An Estimate”; en Boydston, J. A. (ed.), The Middle Works of John Dewey, vol. 10. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1980, pp. 110-116.
Dewey, J., “A History of Aesthetics by Bernard Bosanquet”; en Boydston, J. A. (Ed.), The Early Works of John Dewey. Vol. 4. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1971.
Dewey, J., “From Absolutism to Experimentalism”; en Boydston, J. A. (ed.), The Later Works of John Dewey, vol. 5. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1984/1930, p. 155.
Dewey, J., Outlines of a Critical Theory of Ethics; en: Boydston, J. A. (ed.), The Early Works of John Dewey, vol. 3. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1969.
Dewey, J., Psychology; en Boydston, J.A. (ed.), The Early Works of John Dewey, vol. 2. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1967.
Dewey, John. “Emerson-The Philosopher of Democracy”; en Boydston, J. A. (ed.), The Middle Works of John Dewey. Vol. 3. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1977, pp. 189-190.
Dewey, John. “Poetry and Philosophy”; en Boydston, J. A. (ed.), The Early Works of John Dewey, vol. 3. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1969, pp. 110-124.
Dewey, John. Boydston, J. A. (ed.), The Middle Works of John Dewey, vol. 10. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1980.
Dewey, John. Boydston, J.A., (ed.). The Poems of John Dewey. Carbondale: SIU Press, 1977.
Dewey, John. El arte como experiencia. Claramonte, J. (trad.). Barcelona: Paidós, 2008/1934.
Dewey, John. La experiencia y la naturaleza. Gaos, J. (trad.). México: FCE, 1967/1925.
Diffey, T.J. “On American and British Aesthetics”; en The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 51, núm. 2, 1993, pp. 169-175. doi.org/10.2307/431382.
Dreon, R., “Dewey After the End of Art: Evaluating the “Hegelian Permanent Deposit” in Dewey’s Aesthetics”; en Contemporary Pragmatism, vol. 17, núm. 2-3, 2020, pp. 146-169.
Dykhuizen, G.,“John Dewey: The Vermont Years”; en Journal of the History of Ideas, 20, 1959, pp.515-544.
Emerson, R. W., Ensayo sobre la naturaleza, seguido de varios discursos. González Blanco, E. (trad.). Madrid: La España Moderna, 1904.
Emerson, R. W., The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Vol. II: Essays. Nueva York y Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co, 1904.
Emerson, R. W., The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Vol. VI: The Conduct of Life. Nueva York y Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co, 1904c, pp. 279-306.
Emerson, R.W. "Thoughts on Art" en The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Vol. VII: Society and Solitude. Twelve Chapters. Nueva York y Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1922, pp. 35-58. .
Fisher, M. A. (1982). “German Influence on Elizabeth Palmer Peabody: The Spirit of Hebrew Poetry in the Aesthetics Papers””; en The Concord Saunterer, vol. 16, núm. 2, 1982.
Franklin, B., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. 10: January 1 1762 through December 31 1763. Labaree, L. W. et al. (eds.). New Haven y Londres: Yale University Press, 1966.
Gilmore, P., Aesthetic Materialism: Electricity and American Romanticism. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.
Good, J. A., “The Saint Louis Hegelians and the Civil War”; en Journal of American Studies, vol. 34, núm. 3, 2000, pp. 447-464.
Greenough, H., Form and Function: Remarks on Art, Design and Architecture. Berkeley y Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1958.
Guardiano, N. L., Aesthetic Transcendentalism in Emerson, Peirce, and Nineteenth-Century American Landscape Painting. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2017.
Gulick, W. B. , “Towards and American Aesthetics”; en Gulick, W. B. y Slater, G. (eds.), American Aesthetics: Theory and Practice. Albany: SUNY Press, 2020.
Guyer, P., A History of Modern Aesthetics. Volume 3: The Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Hafertepe, K., “An Inquiry into Thomas Jefferson's Ideas of Beauty”; en Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, vol. 59, núm. 2, pp. 216-231.
Harris, W.T., “The Relation of Religion to Art”; en Journal of Speculative Philosophy, vol. 10, núm. 2, 1876, pp. 204-215.
Harris, W.T., Art Education the True Industrial Education. A Cultivation of Aesthetic Taste of Universal Utility. Syracuse: O.W. Bardeen Publisher, 1889.
Hickman, L. E. (ed.), The Correspondence of John Dewey, Vol. 1. Charlottesville: Intelex, 2008.
Holmes, Oliver W. “Culture and Progress”; en Scribner’s Monthly, núm. 7, 1873, vol. 1, p. 121-125.
Knight, W., The Philosophy of the Beautiful, Being Outlines of History of Aesthetics. Volume I: Its History. Nueva York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1905, pp. 279-280.
Kuklick, B., A History of Philosophy in America 1720-2000. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001.
Lachs, J. y Talisse, R. (eds.), American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia. Nueva York: Routledge, 2008, p. 22. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203492796.
Louie, K. Y., The Beauty of the Triune God: The Theological Aesthetics of Jonathan Edwards. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2013.
Marsoobian, A., “Art and the Aesthetic”; en Marsoobian, A. y Ryder, J. (eds.), The Blackwell Guide to American Philosophy, 2004, pp. 364-367. doi:10.1002/9780470996843.ch23.
Martin, J., The Education of John Dewey. Nueva York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
Mott, F.L., A History of American Magazines. Volume II: 1850-1865. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1967.
Mumford, L. The Golden Day: A Study in American Experience and Culture. Nueva York: Boni & Liveright, 1926.
Munro, T. “Aesthetic and Philosophy in American Colleges”; en The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 4, núm. 3, 1946.
Munro, T., “Aesthetics as Science: Its Development in America”; en The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 9, núm. 3, 1951, https://doi.org/10.2307/425882.
Münsterberg, H. (1909). “The Philosophy of Beauty”; en The Philosophical Review, vol. 18, núm. 2, 1909.
Murphy, A.E., Reason, Reality, and Speculative Philosophy. Madison y Londres: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1996.
Neil, M. J., Toward a National Taste: America’s Quest for Aesthetic Independence. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1975.
Neil, M.J., “American Indifference to Art: An Anachronistic Myth”; en American Studies, vol. 13, núm. 2, 1972.
Neville, R, C., “Harmony, Existence, and the Aesthetics”; en Gulick, W. B. y Slater, G. (eds.), Ob. Cit., 2020.
Novak, B., American Painting of the Nineteenth Century: Realism, Idealism and the American Experience. Nueva York, Washington y Londres: Prager, 1969.
Nye, R. B., The Cultural Life of the New Nation: 1776-1830. Nueva York: Harper & Brothers, 1960.
Peabody, E.P. (ed.), Aesthetic Papers. Boston: The Editor, 1849.
“Philosophy at John Hopkins University”; en The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, vol. 16, núm. 4, 1882, pp. 430-433.
Richardson, R. D., William James in the Maelstrom of American Modernism: A Biography. Boston y Nueva York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007.
Richardson, R.D. Emerson: The Mind on Fire. Berkley y Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995.
Samson, G. W., Element of Art Criticism. Filadelfia: J.B. Lippincott, 1867.
Santayana, George. “What is Aesthetics?”; Philosophical Review, vol. 13, núm. 3, 1904, pp. 320-327. https://doi.org/10.2307/2176284
Santayana, George. Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1910.
Schweighauser, Ph., Beautiful Deceptions: European Aesthetics, the Early American Novel, and Illusionist Art. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1djmjbd.
Shusterman, R., “Emerson’s Pragmatist Aesthetics”; en Revue Internationale de Philosophie, vol. 57, núm. 1, 1999, p. 87.
Singer, I., George Santayana: Literary Philosopher. New Haven y Londres: Yale University Press., 2000.
Soria, R., “Washington Allston's Lectures on Art: The First American Art Treatise”; en The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 18, núm. 3, 1960, pp. 329-344.
Spahr, C., Radical Beauty: American Transcendentalism and the Aesthetic Critique of Modernity. Padeborn: Schöningh, 2001.
Stankiewcz, M. A., “Beauty in Design and Pictures: Idealism and Aesthetic Education”; en The Journal of Aesthetic Education, vol. 21, núm 4, 1987, pp. 63-76. https://doi.org/10.2307/3332831.
Townsend, F. G., “The American Estimate of Ruskin, 1847-1860”; en Philological Quarterly, vol. 32, núm. 4, 1963.
Turner, C., “The Search for an American Identity: Recent Trends in Nineteenth Century American Art History”; en Australasian Journal of American Studies, vol. 6, núm. 1, 1987.
Veblen, T., The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. Nueva York: The MacMillan Company, 1908, pp. 74-75.
Verheul, J. ““A Peculiar National Character”: Transatlantic Realignment and the Birth of American Cultural Nationalism after 1815”; en European Journal of American Studies, vol. 7, núm. 2, 2012. doi.org/10.4000/ejas.9638.
Warner, C. D., “What Your Culture Means to Me”; en Scribner’s Monthly, vol. 2, núm. 2, 1872, pp. 476-477.
Westbrook, R. B., John Dewey and American Democracy. Ithaca y Londres: Cornell University Press, 1991.
Wright, L. B., “From Wilderness to Republic”; en Wright, L. B., Tatum, G. B. et al., The Arts in America: The Colonial Period. Nueva York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1966, pp. 3-40.
Alcott, A.B., Jones, H.K., Harris, W.T., Emery, S.H. Jr. y Sanborn, F.B., “The Concord Summer School of Philosophy”; en The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, vol. 14, núm. 1, 1880, pp. 135-138.
Allston, W., Lectures on Art and Poems. Nueva York: Baker and Scribner, 1841.
Antonio Fernández Diez, “Una historia común y más amplia. El concepto de experiencia en Emerson y Dewey”; en Arenas, L. et al. (eds.), John Dewey: Una estética de este mundo. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza, 2018, pp. 119-146
Banta, M. One Truth Theory and the Quest for an American Aesthetics. New Haven y Londres: Yale University Press, 2007.
Banta, M., “Raw, Ripe, Rot: Nineteenth-Century Pathologies of American Aesthetics”; en American Literary History, vol. 17, núm. 4, 2005, p. 672. Doi: 10.1093/alh/ahi052.
Bayer, R., Historia de la estética. Reuter, J. (trad.). México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2014.
Baym, M. I., A History of Literary Aesthetics in America. Nueva York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1973.
Burton, R.C., “Margaret Fuller's Criticism of the Fine Arts”; en College English, vol. 6, núm. 1, pp. 18-23.
Cahill, E., Liberty of the Imagination: Aesthetic Theory, Literary Form, and Politics in the Early United States. Filadelfia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
Cavanaugh, C. A., “The Aeolian Harp: Beauty and Unity in The Poetry and Prose of Ralph Waldo Emerson”; en Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature, vol. 56, núm. 1, 2002, pp. 25-35.
Channing, W. E., Remarks on the Character and Writings of John Milton. Boston: Isaac R. Butts and Co., 1826.
Cheever, S., American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau: Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Nueva York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2007.
Comfort, G. F. “Esthetics in Collegiate Education”; en The Methodist Quarterly Review, vol. 27, núm. 49, 1867, pp. 572-590.
Dewey, J. “George Sylvester Morris: An Estimate”; en Boydston, J. A. (ed.), The Middle Works of John Dewey, vol. 10. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1980, pp. 110-116.
Dewey, J., “A History of Aesthetics by Bernard Bosanquet”; en Boydston, J. A. (Ed.), The Early Works of John Dewey. Vol. 4. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1971.
Dewey, J., “From Absolutism to Experimentalism”; en Boydston, J. A. (ed.), The Later Works of John Dewey, vol. 5. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1984/1930, p. 155.
Dewey, J., Outlines of a Critical Theory of Ethics; en: Boydston, J. A. (ed.), The Early Works of John Dewey, vol. 3. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1969.
Dewey, J., Psychology; en Boydston, J.A. (ed.), The Early Works of John Dewey, vol. 2. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1967.
Dewey, John. “Emerson-The Philosopher of Democracy”; en Boydston, J. A. (ed.), The Middle Works of John Dewey. Vol. 3. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1977, pp. 189-190.
Dewey, John. “Poetry and Philosophy”; en Boydston, J. A. (ed.), The Early Works of John Dewey, vol. 3. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1969, pp. 110-124.
Dewey, John. Boydston, J. A. (ed.), The Middle Works of John Dewey, vol. 10. Carbondale y Edwardsville: SIU Press, 1980.
Dewey, John. Boydston, J.A., (ed.). The Poems of John Dewey. Carbondale: SIU Press, 1977.
Dewey, John. El arte como experiencia. Claramonte, J. (trad.). Barcelona: Paidós, 2008/1934.
Dewey, John. La experiencia y la naturaleza. Gaos, J. (trad.). México: FCE, 1967/1925.
Diffey, T.J. “On American and British Aesthetics”; en The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 51, núm. 2, 1993, pp. 169-175. doi.org/10.2307/431382.
Dreon, R., “Dewey After the End of Art: Evaluating the “Hegelian Permanent Deposit” in Dewey’s Aesthetics”; en Contemporary Pragmatism, vol. 17, núm. 2-3, 2020, pp. 146-169.
Dykhuizen, G.,“John Dewey: The Vermont Years”; en Journal of the History of Ideas, 20, 1959, pp.515-544.
Emerson, R. W., Ensayo sobre la naturaleza, seguido de varios discursos. González Blanco, E. (trad.). Madrid: La España Moderna, 1904.
Emerson, R. W., The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Vol. II: Essays. Nueva York y Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co, 1904.
Emerson, R. W., The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Vol. VI: The Conduct of Life. Nueva York y Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co, 1904c, pp. 279-306.
Emerson, R.W. "Thoughts on Art" en The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Vol. VII: Society and Solitude. Twelve Chapters. Nueva York y Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1922, pp. 35-58. .
Fisher, M. A. (1982). “German Influence on Elizabeth Palmer Peabody: The Spirit of Hebrew Poetry in the Aesthetics Papers””; en The Concord Saunterer, vol. 16, núm. 2, 1982.
Franklin, B., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. 10: January 1 1762 through December 31 1763. Labaree, L. W. et al. (eds.). New Haven y Londres: Yale University Press, 1966.
Gilmore, P., Aesthetic Materialism: Electricity and American Romanticism. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.
Good, J. A., “The Saint Louis Hegelians and the Civil War”; en Journal of American Studies, vol. 34, núm. 3, 2000, pp. 447-464.
Greenough, H., Form and Function: Remarks on Art, Design and Architecture. Berkeley y Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1958.
Guardiano, N. L., Aesthetic Transcendentalism in Emerson, Peirce, and Nineteenth-Century American Landscape Painting. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2017.
Gulick, W. B. , “Towards and American Aesthetics”; en Gulick, W. B. y Slater, G. (eds.), American Aesthetics: Theory and Practice. Albany: SUNY Press, 2020.
Guyer, P., A History of Modern Aesthetics. Volume 3: The Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Hafertepe, K., “An Inquiry into Thomas Jefferson's Ideas of Beauty”; en Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, vol. 59, núm. 2, pp. 216-231.
Harris, W.T., “The Relation of Religion to Art”; en Journal of Speculative Philosophy, vol. 10, núm. 2, 1876, pp. 204-215.
Harris, W.T., Art Education the True Industrial Education. A Cultivation of Aesthetic Taste of Universal Utility. Syracuse: O.W. Bardeen Publisher, 1889.
Hickman, L. E. (ed.), The Correspondence of John Dewey, Vol. 1. Charlottesville: Intelex, 2008.
Holmes, Oliver W. “Culture and Progress”; en Scribner’s Monthly, núm. 7, 1873, vol. 1, p. 121-125.
Knight, W., The Philosophy of the Beautiful, Being Outlines of History of Aesthetics. Volume I: Its History. Nueva York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1905, pp. 279-280.
Kuklick, B., A History of Philosophy in America 1720-2000. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001.
Lachs, J. y Talisse, R. (eds.), American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia. Nueva York: Routledge, 2008, p. 22. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203492796.
Louie, K. Y., The Beauty of the Triune God: The Theological Aesthetics of Jonathan Edwards. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2013.
Marsoobian, A., “Art and the Aesthetic”; en Marsoobian, A. y Ryder, J. (eds.), The Blackwell Guide to American Philosophy, 2004, pp. 364-367. doi:10.1002/9780470996843.ch23.
Martin, J., The Education of John Dewey. Nueva York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
Mott, F.L., A History of American Magazines. Volume II: 1850-1865. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1967.
Mumford, L. The Golden Day: A Study in American Experience and Culture. Nueva York: Boni & Liveright, 1926.
Munro, T. “Aesthetic and Philosophy in American Colleges”; en The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 4, núm. 3, 1946.
Munro, T., “Aesthetics as Science: Its Development in America”; en The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 9, núm. 3, 1951, https://doi.org/10.2307/425882.
Münsterberg, H. (1909). “The Philosophy of Beauty”; en The Philosophical Review, vol. 18, núm. 2, 1909.
Murphy, A.E., Reason, Reality, and Speculative Philosophy. Madison y Londres: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1996.
Neil, M. J., Toward a National Taste: America’s Quest for Aesthetic Independence. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1975.
Neil, M.J., “American Indifference to Art: An Anachronistic Myth”; en American Studies, vol. 13, núm. 2, 1972.
Neville, R, C., “Harmony, Existence, and the Aesthetics”; en Gulick, W. B. y Slater, G. (eds.), Ob. Cit., 2020.
Novak, B., American Painting of the Nineteenth Century: Realism, Idealism and the American Experience. Nueva York, Washington y Londres: Prager, 1969.
Nye, R. B., The Cultural Life of the New Nation: 1776-1830. Nueva York: Harper & Brothers, 1960.
Peabody, E.P. (ed.), Aesthetic Papers. Boston: The Editor, 1849.
“Philosophy at John Hopkins University”; en The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, vol. 16, núm. 4, 1882, pp. 430-433.
Richardson, R. D., William James in the Maelstrom of American Modernism: A Biography. Boston y Nueva York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007.
Richardson, R.D. Emerson: The Mind on Fire. Berkley y Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995.
Samson, G. W., Element of Art Criticism. Filadelfia: J.B. Lippincott, 1867.
Santayana, George. “What is Aesthetics?”; Philosophical Review, vol. 13, núm. 3, 1904, pp. 320-327. https://doi.org/10.2307/2176284
Santayana, George. Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1910.
Schweighauser, Ph., Beautiful Deceptions: European Aesthetics, the Early American Novel, and Illusionist Art. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1djmjbd.
Shusterman, R., “Emerson’s Pragmatist Aesthetics”; en Revue Internationale de Philosophie, vol. 57, núm. 1, 1999, p. 87.
Singer, I., George Santayana: Literary Philosopher. New Haven y Londres: Yale University Press., 2000.
Soria, R., “Washington Allston's Lectures on Art: The First American Art Treatise”; en The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 18, núm. 3, 1960, pp. 329-344.
Spahr, C., Radical Beauty: American Transcendentalism and the Aesthetic Critique of Modernity. Padeborn: Schöningh, 2001.
Stankiewcz, M. A., “Beauty in Design and Pictures: Idealism and Aesthetic Education”; en The Journal of Aesthetic Education, vol. 21, núm 4, 1987, pp. 63-76. https://doi.org/10.2307/3332831.
Townsend, F. G., “The American Estimate of Ruskin, 1847-1860”; en Philological Quarterly, vol. 32, núm. 4, 1963.
Turner, C., “The Search for an American Identity: Recent Trends in Nineteenth Century American Art History”; en Australasian Journal of American Studies, vol. 6, núm. 1, 1987.
Veblen, T., The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. Nueva York: The MacMillan Company, 1908, pp. 74-75.
Verheul, J. ““A Peculiar National Character”: Transatlantic Realignment and the Birth of American Cultural Nationalism after 1815”; en European Journal of American Studies, vol. 7, núm. 2, 2012. doi.org/10.4000/ejas.9638.
Warner, C. D., “What Your Culture Means to Me”; en Scribner’s Monthly, vol. 2, núm. 2, 1872, pp. 476-477.
Westbrook, R. B., John Dewey and American Democracy. Ithaca y Londres: Cornell University Press, 1991.
Wright, L. B., “From Wilderness to Republic”; en Wright, L. B., Tatum, G. B. et al., The Arts in America: The Colonial Period. Nueva York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1966, pp. 3-40.
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2022-07-23
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Haubert, L. E., Fabio, & Viale, C. M. (2022). The genesis of American aesthetics: Pioneers, colonial spirit and the resignification of the aesthetic experience in the 19th century. Metafísica Y Persona, (28), 11–39. https://doi.org/10.24310/Metyper.2012.vi28.14076
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