Teaching wisdom in secondary school
Keywords:
Wisdom, Teaching for wisdom, Secondary school, Curriculum, Academic intelligenceAbstract
In all societies, knowledge has been based on scientific knowledge (academic) and other knowledge of life, based on social skills, ethical norms, and values for balanced and judicious behavior. Such knowledge of life is part of the most sublime human characteristic — wisdom — which is considered to be a perfect blend of knowledge and character or of mind and virtue. Contrary to popular belief, it has been shown that intelligence, age, and experience by themselves are insufficient for a person to obtain wisdom or to be successful in life. What is needed is a combination of intelligence, knowledge, experience, and commitment to the common good. The present study was based on the findings of several authors who have shown that adolescence is an ideal stage for learning wisdom. Thus, we conducted a content analysis of the secondary school curricula, derived from the Organic Law of Education (LOE) and the Organic Law on the Improvement of the Quality of Education (LOMCE), to identify any wisdom-related content taught in schools. We constructed an analysis grid with 20 markers that were representative of the main scientific theories used to study wisdom. The results show that wisdom is underrepresented in current curricula, even though its evolution within the curricula has been positive over the last 10 years. We suggest that the teaching of wisdom in secondary schools is both fragmentary and unsuitable, and thus it is relevant to promote its teaching and to train teachers in mentoring skills in wisdom.
Downloads
Metrics
References
2. Baltes, P. B. (1991). The many faces of human ageing: Toward a psychological culture of old age. Psychological Medicine, 21, 837–854. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700029846
3. Baltes, P. B. (1993). The aging mind: Potential and limits. The Gerontologist, 33, 580-594. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/33.5.580
4. Baltes, P. B., y Staudinger, U. M. (1993). The search for a psychology of wisdom. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2, 75-80.
5. Baltes, P. B. y Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122-136. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.122
6. Baltes, P. B., Glück y Kunzmann, U. (2002). Wisdom: Its structure and function in regulating successful life span development. En C. R. Snyder y S. J. Lopez (Eds.). Handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
7. Baltes, P. B. y Kunzmann, U. (2003). Wisdom. The Psychologist, 16, pp.131-132.
8. Bassett, C. (2005). Emergent wisdom: Living a life in widening circles. ReVision, 27, 3-11. https://doi.org/10.3200/revn.27.4.6-11
9. Bassett, C. (2006). Laughing at Gilded Butterflies: Integrating wisdom. Development and Learning. En C. Hoare (Ed.), Handbook of Adult Development and Learning (chap. 14). New York: Oxford University Press
10. Bassett, C. (2011). Understanding and teaching practical wisdom. In E. Tisdell, (Ed.) New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, Nº 131. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.419
11. Brown, S. C. y Greene, J. A. (2006). The Wisdom Development Scale: Translating the Conceptual to the Concrete. Journal of College Student Development, 47, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2006.0002
12. Clayton, V. P. y Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life-span: A re-examination of an acient topic. En P. C. Baltes y O. G. Brian (eds.). Life-span development and behaviour, vol. 3. Nueva York: Academic Press.
13. Csikszentmihalyi, M. y Nakamura, J. (2005). The role of emotions in the development of wisdom. En R. J. Sternberg y J. Jordan. A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives. NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511610486.010
14. Damon, W. (2000). Setting the stage for the development of wisdom: self-understanding and moral identity during adolescence. En Warren S. Brown. Understanding Wisdom. Philadelphia & London: Templeton Foundation Press
15. Ferrari, M. (2008). Developing Expert and Transformative Wisdom: Can Either Be Taught in Public Schools? En M. Ferrari y G. Potworowski (Eds.) Teaching for wisdom. Cross-cultural Perspectives on fostering wisdom. Springer. Obtenido de: Science+Business Media B.V. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6532-3_12
16. González Leandro, P. y Pelechano, V. (2004). Sabiduría contemporánea, motivación y rendimiento académico en adolescentes. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 30, 963-976.
17. González Leandro, P., Asef, A. y Pelechano, V. (2017). La sabiduría desde la psicología: concepción lega en una muestra de adolescentes latinoamericanos. Escritos de Psicología, 10(1), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2017.1403
18. Jeste, D. V., Ardelt, M., Blazer, D., Kraemer, H. C., Vaillant, G., y Meeks, T. W. (2010). Expert consensus on characteristics of wisdom: A Delphi method study. Gerontologist, 50, 668-680. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnq022
19. Kunzmann, U. y Baltes, P. B. (2005). The psychology of wisdom. Theoretical and empirical challenges. En R. J. Sternberg y J. Jordan. A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives. NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511610486.006
20. Pasupathi, M., Staudinger, U. & Baltes, P. (2001). Seeds of Wisdom: Adolescents’ Knowledge and Judgment about Difficult Life Problems. Developmental Psychology, 37, 351-361. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.37.3.351
21. Pelechano, V. y González Leandro, P. (2015). La Psicología de la sabiduría. Presentación, propuesta y promoción. Madrid: Klinik.
22. Reznitskaya, A. y Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Teaching students to make wise judgments: The “Teaching for Wisdom” Program. En P. A. Linley, P. A.y S. Joseph (Eds.). Positive Psychology in Practice (cap. 11). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470939338.ch11
23. Richardson, M. J. y Pasupathi, M. (2005). Young and Growing Wiser. Wisdom during adolescence and young adulthood. En R. J. Sternberg y J. Jordan. A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives. NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511610486.007
24. Stange, A. y Kunzmann, U. (2008). Fostering Wisdom: A Psychological Perspective. En M. Ferrari y G. Potworowski (Eds.) Teaching for wisdom. Cross-cultural Perspectives on fostering wisdom. Springer. Obtenido de: Science+Business Media B.V. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6532-3_2
25. Staudinger, U. M. y Pasupathi, M. (2003). Correlates of Wisdom-Related Performance in dolescence and Adulthood: Age-Graded Differences in ‘‘Paths’’ Toward Desirable Development. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13, 239-268. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1303001
26. Sternberg, R. J. (1990). Wisdom and its relations to intelligence and creativity. En R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: its nature, origins, and development (pp. 52-86). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139173704.008
27. Sternberg, R. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2, 347-365. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511509612.008
28. Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Why schools should teach for wisdom: The balance theory of wisdom in educational settings, Educational Psychologist, 36, 227-245. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3604_2
29. Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Teaching for wisdom: What matters is not what students know, but how they use it. En D. R. Walling (Ed.). Public Education, Democracy, and the Common Good (121-132). Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappan.
30. Sternberg, R. J. (2011). The theory of successful intelligence. En R. J. Sternberg y S. B. Kaufman (Eds.). The Cambridge handbook of intelligence, New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511509612.003
31. Sternberg, R. J. (2012). Una teoría balance de la sabiduría.Persona, 15, 19-39. https://doi.org/10.26439/persona2012.n015.125
32. Sternberg, R. J. (2013). Reform education: Teach wisdom and ethics. Phi Delta Kappan, 94(7), 44-47 (kappanmagazine.org). https://doi.org/10.1177/003172171309400715
33. Sternberg, R. (2014). I study what I Stink At: Lessons Learned from a Career in Psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-052913-074851
34. Sternberg, R. J., Wagner, R. K., Williams, W. M., y Horvath, J. A. (1995). Testing common sense. American Psychologist, 50, 912–927.
35. Sternberg, R., Jarvin, L. y Reznitskaya, A. (2008). Teaching for wisdom through history: Infusing wise thinking skills in the school curriculum. En M. Ferrari y G. Potworowski (Eds.) Teaching for wisdom. Cross-cultural Perspectives on fostering wisdom. Springer. Obtenido de: Science+Business Media B.V. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6532-3_3
36. Webster, J.D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10, 13-22.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All contents published in Escritos de Psicología are protected under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license. All about this license is available in the following link: <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0>
Users can copy, use, redistribute, share and exhibit publicly as long as:
- The original source and authorship of the material are cited (Journal, Publisher and URL of the work).
- It is not used for comercial purposes.
- The existence of the license and its especifications are mentioned.
There are two sets of authors’ rights: moral and property rights. Moral rights are perpetual prerogatives, unrenounceable, not-transferable, unalienable, imprescriptible and inembargable. According to authors’ rights legislation, Escritos de Psicología recognizes and respects authors moral rights, as well as the ownership of property rights. The property rights are referred to the benefits that are gained by the use or the dissemination of works. Escritos de Psicología is published in an open access form and it is exclusively licenced by any means for doing or authorising distribution, dissemination, reproduction, , adaptation, translation or arrangement of works.
Authors are responsable for obtaining the necessary permission to use copyrighted images.