Cognitive functioning in elderly people and the influence of the socio-educative variables - Results from the ELES Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v6i3.13287Keywords:
Cognitive Performance, ELES Study, Educational Level, ProfessionAbstract
Cognitive functioning changes in elderly people. The degree of decline varies across different cognitive abilities and other variables, such as educational level and life-time professional activity, can slow down this process. This study investigates the pattern of cognitive performance in people over 50 years old, taking into account the influence of educational level and profession. Research data were collected during the pilot study of the Longitudinal Aging Study in Spain (ELES) in which a representative sample of non-institutionalized Spanish older people was assessed. The following cognitive variables were evaluated: general cognitive functioning, verbal memory, working memory span, visuomotor speed, and language. Differences were found in all cognitive variables in the different age groups, and according to educational level and profession. These differences remained after controlling for the age variable. Population studies provide a global perspective of cognitive performance in older people and help to identify the role of the different associated factors.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Andel, R., McCleary, C. A., Murdock, G. A., Fisk, A., Wilcox, R. R. y Gatz, M. (2003). Performance on the CERAD Word List Memory task: a comparison of university-based and community-based groups. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 733-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.913
Andel R, Vigen C, Mack WJ, Clark LJ, Gatz M. (2006). The effect of education and occupational complexity on rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s patients. Journal of International Neuropsychology, 12, 147-52.
Benton, A. L. y Hamsher, K. (1989). Controlled Oral Word Association. Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Iowa: AJA Associates.
Crimmins, E. M., Kim, J. K., Langa, K. M., y Weir, D. R. (2011). Assessment of cognition using surveys and neuropyschological assessment: The Health and Retirement Study and the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66, 162-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr048
Cuetos, F., Martínez, T., Martínez, C., Izura, C. y Ellis, A. W. (2003). Lexical processing in Spanish patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease. Cognitive Brain Research, 17, 549-561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(03)00169-1
Daffner, K. R. (2010). Promoting Successful Cognitive Aging: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 19, 1101–1122.
Dewey, M. E., y Prince, M. J. (2005). Cognitive Function. En A. Börsch-Supan, A. Brugiavini, H. Jürges, J. Mackenbach, J. Siegrist y G. Weber (Eds.), Health, ageing and retirement in Europe. First results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (pp. 118-125). Mannheim: Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging (MEA).
Díaz-Orueta, U., Buiza-Bueno, C. y Yanguas-Lezaun, J. (2010). Reserva cognitiva: evidencias, limitaciones y líneas de investigación futura. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 45, 150–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2009.12.007
Díaz-Veiga, P., Facal, D. y Yanguas, J. J. (2010). Funcionamiento psicológico y envejecimiento. Aprendizajes a partir de estudios longitudinales. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 45, 350-357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2010.09.001
Domingo-Salvany, A., Regidor, E., Alonso, J., Alvarez-Dardet, C., Borrell, C., Doz, F., Gasulla, G., Rosell, M., Montasell, J., y Rodríguez, J. (2000). Una propuesta de medida de la clase social. Grupo de trabajo de la Sociedad Española de Epidemiología y de la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria. Atención Primaria, 25, 350-363.
Fors. S., Lennartsson, L., y Lundberg, O. (2009). Childhood Living Conditions, Socioeconomic Position in Adulthood, and Cognition in Later Life: Exploring the Associations, Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 64, 750–757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp029
Galdona, N., Buiza, C., Etxeberria, I., Urdaneta, E., González, M. F., y Etxaniz, A. (2007). Validación de la prueba de aprendizaje verbal-auditivo de rey (AVLT) al castellano. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 42, 64-198.
Ganguli, M., Ratcliff, G., Huff, J., Belle, S., Kancel, M. J., Fischer, L., Seaberg, E. C., y Kuller, L.H. (1991). Effects of Age, Gender, and Education on Cognitive Tests in a Rural Elderly Community Sample: Norms from the Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey. Neuroepidemiology, 10, 42-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000110246
Goodglass, H., y Kaplan, E. (1996). Test de vocabulario de Boston. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Hughes, T., y Ganguli. M. (2010). Factores de riesgo de demencia en la vejez modificables en las etapas medias de la vida. Revista de Neurología, 51, 259-262
Hupper, F. A., Gardener, E., y Williams, B. (2006). Cognitive Function. En J. Banks, E. Breeze, C. Lessof y J. Nazroo (Eds). Retirement, health and relationships of the older population in England. The 2004 English Longitudinal Study of ageing (Wave 2) (pp. 217-242). London: The Institute for Fiscal Studies.
Jefferson, A. L., Gibbons, L. E., Rentz, D. M., Carvalho, J. O., Manly, J., Bennett, D. A. y Jones, R. N. (2011). A Life Course Model of Cognitive Activities, Socioeconomic Status, Education, Reading Ability, and Cognition. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 59, 1403–1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03499.x
Johnson, D. K., Storandt, M., Morris, J. C. y Galvin, J.E. (2009). Longitudinal study of the transition from healthy aging to Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology 66, 1254-1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.158
Kumar, R., Dear, K. B., Christensen, H., Ilschner, S., Jorm, A. F., Meslin, C., Rosenman, S. J. y Sachdev, P. S. (2005). Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in 60-to 64-year-old community-dwelling individuals: The Personality and Total Health through Life 60+ Study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 19, 67-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000082351
Lobo, A., Sanz. P., Marcos, G. y Grupo ZARADEMP (2001). Examen cognoscitivo Mini-Mental. Manual. Madrid: TEA.
López, A. y Calero, M. D. (2009). Predictores del deterioro cognitivo en ancianos. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 44, 220–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2009.03.006
Mortimer, J. A., Snowdon, D. A. y Markesbery, W. R. (2007). Brain reserve and risk of dementia: findings from the Nun Study. En Y. Stern (Ed.), Cognitive reserve. Theory and applications (pp. 237-50). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Rabbitt, P. y Lowe, C. (2000). Patterns of cognitive ageing. Psychological Research, 63, 308-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004269900009
Rey, A. (1964). Léxamen clinique en psychologie. París: Presses Universitaires de France.
Richards, M. y Sacker, A. (2003). Lifetime antecedents of cognitive reserve. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 614 – 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.614.14581
Richards, M., Sacker, A. y Deary, I.J. (2007). Lifetime antecedents of cognitive reserve. En Y. Stern (Ed.), Cognitive reserve Theory and applications.(pp. 37-52). New York: Taylor & Francis
Rodríguez, A., Urdaneta, E., De la Fuente, M., Galindo, E., Yanguas, JJ. y Rodríguez, V., (2013). Análisis del sesgo de selección en el piloto de un estudio longitudinal sobre envejecimiento en España, Gaceta Sanitaria, 27, 425–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2012.11.008
Rodríguez-Álvarez, M. y Sánchez-Rodríguez, J.L. (2004). Reserva cognitiva y demencia. Anales de Psicología, 20, 175-186.
Salthouse, T.A. (2009 a). Decomposing age correlations on neuropsychological and cognitive variables. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 650 – 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617709990385
Salthouse, T.A. (2009 b). When does age-related cognitive decline begin? Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 507 – 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023
Salthouse, TA. (2010). Selective review of cognitive aging. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 754-760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617710000706
Singh-Manoux, A., Marmot, M. G., Glymour, M., Sabia, S., Kivimäki, M. y Dugravot, A. (2011). Does cognitive reserve shape cognitive decline? Annals of Neurology, 70, 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.22391
Small, B. J., Dixon, R. A. y McArdle, J.J. (2011). Tracking cognition–health changes from 55 to 95 years of age. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66, 153–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbq093
Teófilo, J., González, A. N., Díaz-Veiga, P. y Rodríguez, V. (2011). Estudio Longitudinal Envejecer en España: El proyecto ELES (Vol. 50). Madrid: IMSERSO.
Tognoni, G., Ceravolo, R., Nucciarone, B., Bianchi, F., Dell’Agnello, G., Ghicopulos, I., Siciliano, G. y Murri. L. (2005). From mild cognitive impairment to dementia: a prevalence study in a district of Tuscany, Italy. Acta Neurologica Scandinava, 112, 65-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005.00444.x
Wechsler D. (1999). Adaptación española de la Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. Madrid: TEA Ediciones, SA.
Yu, F, Ryan, LH, Schaie, KW, Willis, SL, Kolanowski, A. (2009). Factors associated with cognition in adults: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. Research in Nursing & Health, 32, 540–550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.20340
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All contents published in Escritos de Psicología are protected under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license. All about this license is available in the following link: <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0>
Users can copy, use, redistribute, share and exhibit publicly as long as:
- The original source and authorship of the material are cited (Journal, Publisher and URL of the work).
- It is not used for comercial purposes.
- The existence of the license and its especifications are mentioned.
There are two sets of authors’ rights: moral and property rights. Moral rights are perpetual prerogatives, unrenounceable, not-transferable, unalienable, imprescriptible and inembargable. According to authors’ rights legislation, Escritos de Psicología recognizes and respects authors moral rights, as well as the ownership of property rights. The property rights are referred to the benefits that are gained by the use or the dissemination of works. Escritos de Psicología is published in an open access form and it is exclusively licenced by any means for doing or authorising distribution, dissemination, reproduction, , adaptation, translation or arrangement of works.
Authors are responsable for obtaining the necessary permission to use copyrighted images.
10.png)
ESCRITOS DE PSICOLOGÍA por 