Relationship between character strengths and mental health in informal caregivers of people with dementia

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v14i1.12680

Keywords:

Informal caregivers; Virtues; Depression; Anxiety; Stress; Caregiver burden

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between character strengths and mental health in informal dementia caregivers. Variables included depression, anxiety, stress, caregiver burden, and mental health problems. We conducted a series of canonical-correlation analyses. The first set of variables comprised character strengths, classified into virtues, and the second set comprised the mental health variables. Results show significant intercorrelations between character strengths and informal caregivers’ mental health. Informal caregivers who tended to have higher scores in character strengths from the virtues of courage, humanity, and transcendence, also tended to have lower scores in depression, stress, caregiver burden, and mental health problems. Specifically, significant relationships were found between bravery, zest, love, social intelligence, appreciation of beauty, gratitude, hope, and humor. The findings from this study suggest that intervention programs based on the promotion and development of these character strengths might improve the psychological health of caregivers.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5 (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.

Azañedo, C. M., Fernández-Abascal, E. G., & Barraca, J. (2014). Character strengths in Spain: Validation of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) in a Spanish sample. Clínica y Salud, 25, 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clysa.2014.06.002.

Baxter, H. J., Johnson, M. H., & Bean, D. (2012). Efficacy of a character strengths and gratitude intervention for people with chronic back pain. The Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling, 18(2), 135. http://doi.org/10.1017/jrc.2012.14.

Blanca, M. J., Ferragut, M., Ortiz-Tallo, M., & Bendayan, R. (2018). Life satisfaction and character strengths in Spanish early adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, 1247–1260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9865-y.

Braam, A. W., & Koenig, H. G. (2019). Religion, spirituality and depression in prospective studies: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 257, 428-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.063.

Chakhssi, F., Kraiss, J. T., Sommers-Spijkerman, M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2018). The effect of positive psychology interventions on well-being and distress in clinical samples with psychiatric or somatic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry, 18(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1739-2.

Chiao, C. Y., Wu, H. S., & Hsiao, C. Y. (2015). Caregiver burden for informal caregivers of patients with dementia: A systematic review. International Nursing Review, 62, 340–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12194.

Conde-Sala, J. L., Garre-Olmo, J., Turró-Gariga, O., Vilalta-Franch, J., & López-Pousa, S. (2010). Diferential features of burden between spouse and adult-child caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease: An exploratory comparative design. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47, 1262–1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.03.001.

Daza, P., Novy, D. M., Stanley, M. A., & Averill, P. (2002). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21: Spanish translation and validation with a Hispanic sample. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 24, 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016014818163.

Duan, W. (2016). The benefits of personal strengths in mental health of stressed students: A longitudinal investigation. Quality of Life Research, 25, 2879–2888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1320-8.

Ferragut, M., González, V., & Ramos, N. (2013). Fortalezas psicológicas: la otra cara de la psicopatología. En M. Ortiz-Tallo (coord.) Psicopatología Clínica (pp. 165-170). Editorial Pirámide.

García-Castro, F. J., Alba, A., & Blanca, M. J. (2020). Association between character strengths and caregiver burden: Hope as a mediator. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00138-2.

García-Castro, F. J., Hernández, A., & Blanca, M. J. (2021). Life satisfaction and the mediating role of character strengths and gains in informal caregivers. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. http://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12764.

Goldberg, D.P. & Williams P. (1988). A user’s guide to the General Health Questionnaire. NFER-NELSON.

Haridas, S., Bhullar, N., & Dunstan, D. A. (2017). What's in character strengths? Profiling strengths of the heart and mind in a community sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 113, 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.006.

Hendriks, T., Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Hassankhan, A., Graafsma, T., Bohlmeijer, E., & de Jong, J., (2018). The efficacy of positive psychology interventions from non-Western countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Wellbeing, 8(1), 71-98. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v8i1.711.

Kim, H., Chang, M., Rose, K., & Kim, S. (2012). Predictors of caregiver burden in caregivers of individuals with dementia. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68, 846–855. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05787.x.

Koenig, H. G., King, D. E., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford University Press.

Lam, K. K. L. (2021). The mediating effect of gratitude in the relationship between zest for life and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110476.

Lee, J. N. T., Foo, K. H., Adams, A., Morgan, R., & Frewen, A. (2015). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, life satisfaction and purpose in Singapore. Journal of Tropical Psychology, 5, 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1017/jtp.2015.2.

Li, T., Duan, W., & Guo, P. (2017). Character strengths, social anxiety, and physiological stress reactivity. Peer J, 5, e3396. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3396.

Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995a). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.

Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995b). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U.

Luna, N., & MacMillan, T. (2015). The relationship between spirituality and depressive symptom severity, psychosocial functioning impairment, and quality of life: Examining the impact of age, gender, and ethnic differences. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 18, 513–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2015.1087481.

Martín, M., Salvadó, I., Nadal, S., Miji, L. C., Rico, J. M., Lanz, P., et al. (1996). Adaptación para nuestro medio de la Escala de Sobrecarga del Cuidador (Caregiver Burden Interview) de Zarit [Spanish adaptation of the Zarit Burden Interview]. Revista de Gerontología, 6, 338–346.

Martínez-Cortés, M. C., López-Liria, R., Padilla-Góngora, D., García-Goldsmith, M., Rodríguez-Martín, C. R., & Lucas-Acién, F. (2011). Sobrecarga del cuidador en familiares de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer en estadios leve y moderado [Caregiver burden in relatives of patients with mild or moderate Alzheimer’s disease]. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, INFAD, 4, 269–276.

Niemiec, R. M. (2013). VIA character strengths: Research and practice (the frst 10 years). In H. H. Knoop & A. Delle Fave (Eds.), Well-being and cultures: Perspectives from positive psychology, cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology (pp. 11–29). Springer.

Ovejero, M. M., Cardenal, V., & Ortiz-Tallo, M. (2016). Fortalezas humanas y bienestar biopsicosocial: Revisión sistemática [Character strengths and biopsychosocial well-being: A systematic review]. Escritos de Psicología, 9(3), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2016.2311.

Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 603–619. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748.

Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2006). Moral competence and character strengths among adolescents: The development and validation of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth. Journal of Adolescence, 29(6), 891–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.011.

Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2008). Positive psychology and character strengths: Application to strengthsbased school counselling. Professional School Counselling, 12, 85–92. https://doi.org/10.5330/PSC.n.2010-12.85.

Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beerman, U., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). Strengths of character, orientation to happiness, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228938.

Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University Press.

Peterson, C., & Park, N. (2009). Classifying and measuring strengths of character. In S. J. López & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., pp. 25–33). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0004.

Prince, M., Guerchet, M., & Prina, M. (2013). Policy brief for heads of government. The global impact of dementia 2013-2050. Alzheimer´s Disease International.

Prince, M., & Jackson, J. (2009). World Alzheimer Report 2009. Alzheimer´s Disease International.

Proyer, R. T., Gander, F., Wyss, T., & Ruch, W. (2011). The relation of character strengths to past, present, and future life satisfaction among German-speaking women. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3, 370–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2011.01060.x.

Raivio, M. M., Laakkonen, M. L., & Pitkälä, K. H. (2015). Psychological well-being of spousal caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease and associated factors. European Geriatric Medicine, 6(2), 128–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2014.08.006.

Rocha, K. B., Pérez, K., Rodríguez- Sanz, M., Borrell, C. & Obiols, J. E. (2011). Propiedades psicométricas y valores normativos del General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) en población general española. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 11(1), 125- 139.

Roepke, S. K., Allison, M., Von Känel, R., Mausbach, B. T., Chattillion, E. A., Harmell, A. L., Patterson, T. L., Dimsdale, J. E., Mills, P. J., Ziegler, M. G., Ancoli-Israel, S., & Grant, I. (2012). Relationship between chronic stress and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in elderly Alzheimer’s disease caregivers. Stress, 15(2), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2011.596866.

Ros-Morente, A., Alsinet, C., Torrelles, C., Blasco, A., & Jordana, N. (2018). An examination of the relationship between emotional intelligence, positive affect and character strengths and virtues. Anales de Psicología, 34, 63–67. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.34.1.262891.

Rustøen, T., Cooper, B. A., & Miaskowski, C. (2011). A longitudinal study of the effects of a hope intervention on levels of hope and psychological distress in a community-based sample of oncology patients. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 15, 351–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2010.09.001.

Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2019). The impact of signature character strengths interventions: A meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(4), 1179-1196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-9990-2.

Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5.

Settineri, S., Rizzo, A., Liotta, M., & Mento, C. (2014). Caregiver’s burden and quality of life: Caring for physical and mental illness. International Journal of Psychological Research, 7 (1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.665.

Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with Positive Psychology Interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology. In Session, 65, 467–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593.

Steger, M. F., Hicks, B. M., Kashdan, T. B., Krueger, R. F., & Bouchard Jr, T. J. (2007). Genetic and environmental influences on the positive traits of the values in action classification, and biometric covariance with normal personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(3), 524–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.06.002.

Tehranchi, A., Neshat Doost, H. T., Amiri, S., & Power, M. J. (2018). The role of character strengths in depression: A structural equation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1609. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01609.

Yu, D., Cheng, S. T., Chow, E. O. W., Kwok, T., & Mccormack, B. (2020). Effects of strength?based intervention on health outcomes of family caregivers of persons with dementia: A study protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(10), 2737-2746. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14470.

Zarit, S. H., Reever, K. E., & Bach-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the impaired elderly: Correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist, 20, 649–655. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/20.6.649.

Zhou, Y., Siu, A. F. Y., & Liu, X. P. (2013). What does not kill me makes me stronger: The relationship between depression history, character strengths and coping strategies. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 4, 1249–1254.

Published

2021-05-28

How to Cite

García-Castro, F. J. (2021). Relationship between character strengths and mental health in informal caregivers of people with dementia. Escritos De Psicología - Psychological Writings, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v14i1.12680

Issue

Section

Research Reports