Enfrentándose a la desigualdad social: El papel de la legitimidad y la identificación grupal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v7i1.13249Palabras clave:
Desigualdad Social, Legitimidad, Identificación Grupal, Acciones ColectivasResumen
La desigualdad social ha estado presente a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad, pero en ocasiones algunos miembros de los grupos desaventajados han desafiado el orden social establecido con el objetivo de obtener una posición mejor para el grupo en la jerarquía social. Sin embargo, no todos los individuos están dispuestos a luchar contra la desigualdad en la misma medida. En este trabajo se analiza la influencia de distintos factores en este proceso, centrán-dose en la percepción de legitimidad y la identificación grupal. Se revisa también una de las formas más directas de luchar contra la desigualdad social: las acciones colectivas.
Descargas
Métricas
Citas
Caddick, B. (1982). Perceived illegitimacy and intergroup relations. En H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations (pp. 137-154). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crane, M. F. y Platow, M. J. (2010). Deviance as adherence to injunctive group norms: The overlooked role of social identification in deviance. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 827-847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466609X481416
De Weerd, M. y Klandermans, B. (1999). Group identification and social protest: Farmer’s protest in the Netherlands. European Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 1073-1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199912)29:8<1073::AID-EJSP986>3.0.CO;2-K
Doosje, B., Spears, R. y Koomen, K. (1995). When bad isn’t all bad: The strategic use of sample information in generalization and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 642-655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.642
Ellemers, N. (1993). The influence of social-structural variables on identity management strategies. En W. Stroebe y M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 27-57). Chichester, England: Wiley.
Ellemers, N., Spears, R. y Doosje, B. (1997). Sticking together or falling apart: Ingroup identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 617-626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.617
Ellemers, N., Spears, R. y Doosje, B. (1999). Social identity: Context, commitment, content. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ellemers, N., Wilke, H. y Van Knippenberg, A. (1993). Effects of the legitimacy of low group or individual status on individual and collective identity enhancement strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 766-778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.766
Hains, S. C., Hogg, M. A. y Duck, J. M. (1997). Self-categorization and leadership: Effects of group prototypicality and leader stereotypicality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1087-1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672972310009
Haslam, S. A., Ryan, M. K., Postmes, T., Spears, R., Jetten, J. y Webley, P. (2006). Sticking to our guns: Social identity as a basis for the maintenance of commitment to faltering organizational projects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 607-628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.370
Hersby, M. D., Jetten, J., Ryan, M. K. y Schmitt, M. T. (2011). Responding to group-based discrimination: The impact of social structure on willingness to engage in mentoring. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14, 319-335.
Hogg, M. A. (1996). Intragroup processes, group structure and social identity. En W. P. Robinson (Ed.), Social groups and identities: Developing the legacy of Henri Tajfel (pp. 65-93). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Hogg, M. A. (2001). A social identity theory of leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 184-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430210384417
Hogg, M. A., Hains, S. C. y Mason, I. (1998). Identification and leadership in small groups: Salience, frame of reference, and leader stereotypicality effects on leader evaluations Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1248-1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1248
Hogg, M. A. y Reid, S. A. (2001). Social identity, leadership, and power. En A. Y. Lee-Chai y J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The use and abuse of power: Multiple perspectives on the causes of corruption (pp. 159-180). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Hornsey, M. J., Spears, R., Cremers, I. y Hogg, M. A. (2003). Relations between high and low power groups: The importance of legitimacy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 216-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239047
Javaloy, F. (1993). El paradigma de la identidad social en el estudio del comportamiento colectivo y de los movimientos sociales. Psicothema, 5, 277-286.
Javaloy, F., Rodríguez, A. y Espelt, E. (2001). Comportamiento colectivo y movimientos sociales. Madrid: Prentice Hall.
Jetten, J., Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Garza, A. A. y Mewse, A. J. (2011). Group commitment in the face of discrimination: The role of legitimacy appraisals. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 116-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.743
Jost, J. T. (1997). An experimental replication of the depressed entitlement effect among women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 387-393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00120.x
Klandermans, B. (1997). The social psychology of protest. Oxford: Blackwell.
Klandermans, B., Sabucedo, J. M., Rodríguez, M. y De Weerd, M. (2002). Identity processes in collective action participation: Farmers’ identity and farmers’ protest in the Netherlands and Spain. Political Psychology, 23, 235-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00280
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press. Leach, C. W., Van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B. et al. (2008). Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 144-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.144
Mackie, D. M., Devos, T. y Smith, E. R. (2000). Inter-group emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an inter-group context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602-616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.602
Major, B. (1994). From social inequality to personal entitlement: The role of social comparisons, legitimacy appraisals, and group membership. En M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 26, pp. 293-355). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
McAuliffe, B. J., Jetten, J., Hornsey, M. J. y Hogg, M. A. (2003). Individualist and collectivist norms: When it’s OK to go your own way. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 57-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.129
McCarthy, J. D. y Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology, 82, 1212-1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/226464
Morton, T. A., Postmes, T. y Jetten, J. (2007). Playing the game: When group success is more important than downgrading deviants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 599-616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.385
Mummendey, A., Kessler, T., Klink, A. y Mielke, R. (1999). Strategies to cope with negative social identity: Predictions by social identity theory and relative deprivation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 229-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.229
Packer, D. J. (2007). On being both with us and against us: Preliminary tests of a normative conflict model of dissent. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Toronto.
Packer, D. J. (2008). On being both with us and against us: A normative conflict model of dissent in social groups. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 50-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868307309606
Packer, D. J. y Chasteen, A. L. (2010). Loyal deviance: Testing the normative conflict model of dissent in social groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 5-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167209350628
Packer, D. J. y Miners, C. T. H. (2012). At the first sign of trouble or through thick and thin? When nonconformity is and is not disengagement from a group. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 316-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.002
Postmes, T., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R. y Young, H. (1999). Comparative processes in personal and group judgments: Resolving the discrepancy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 320-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.320
Postmes, T., Spears, R. y Cihangir, S. (2001). Quality of decision making and group norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 918-930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.918
Postmes, T., Spears, R. y Lea, M. (2000). The formation of group norms in computer-mediated communication. Human Communication Research, 26, 341-371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00761.x
Reicher, S. (2004). The context of social identity: Domination, resistance, and change. Political Psychology, 25, 921-945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00403.x
Rucht, D. (1994). Modernisierung und neue soziale Bewegungen [Modernization and new social movements]. Frankfurt: Campus.
Sabucedo, J. M., Durán, M. y Alzate, M. (2010). Identidad colectiva movilizada. Revista de Psicología Social, 25, 189-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1174/021347410791063822
Sabucedo, J. M., Rodríguez-Casal, M. y Fernández, C. (2001). Identificación grupal, eficacia y protesta política. Psicología Política, 23, 85-95.
Simon, B., Trötschel, R. y Dähne, D. (2008). Identity affirmation and social movement support. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 935-946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.473
Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. En D. M. Mackie y D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes ingroup perception (pp. 297-315). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Spears, R., Doosje, B. y Ellemers, N. (1997). Self-stereotyping in the face of threats to group status and distinctiveness: The role of group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 538-553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167297235009
Spears, R., Greenwood, R. M., de Lemus, S. y Sweetman, J. (2010). Legitimacy, social identity, and power. En A. Guinote y T. K. Vescio (Eds.), The social psychology of power (pp. 251-283). New York: The Guilford Press.
Stürmer, S. y Simon, B. (2004). Collective action: Towards a dual pathway model. En W. Stroebe y M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 15, pp. 59-99). Hove: Psychology Press.
Tajfel, H. (1978). Interindividual behaviour and intergroup behaviour. En H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentation between social groups (pp. 27-60). New York: Academic Press.
Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tajfel, H. y Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. En W. G. Austin y S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterrey, CA: Broods Cole.
Tajfel, H. y Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. En S. Worchel y W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). ChiGLORIA cago: Nelson-Hall.
Turner, J. C. (1991). Social influence. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press.
Turner, J. C. y Brown, R. (1978). Social status, cognitive alternatives, and intergroup relations. En H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 201-234). London: Academic Press.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D. y Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Tyler, T. R. (2000). Social justice: outcome and procedure. International Journal of Psychology, 35, 117-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002075900399411
Tyler, T. R. (2006). Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 375-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190038
Van Zomeren, M., Leach, C. W. y Spears, R. (2010). Does group efficacy increase group identification? Resolving their paradoxical relationship. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 1055-1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.006
Van Zomeren, M., Leach, C. W. y Spears, R. (2012). Protesters as “passionate economists”: A dynamic dual pathway model of approach coping with collective disadvantage. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 180-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868311430835
Van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T. y Spears, R. (2008). Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 504-535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.504
Van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A. H. y Leach, C. W. (2004). Put your money where your mouth is! Explaining collective action tendencies through group-based anger and group efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 649-664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.649
Walsh, E. y Warland, R. H. (1983). Social movement involvement in the wake of a nuclear accident: Activists and free riders in the Three Mile Island area. American Sociological Review, 48, 764-781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2095324
Wilkinson, R. y Pickett, K. (2009). Desigualdad. Un análisis de la (in)felicidad colectiva. Madrid: Turner.
Wright, S. C., Taylor, D. M. y Moghaddam, F. M. (1990). The relationship of perceptions and emotions to behavior in the face of collective inequality. Social Justice Research, 4, 229-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048399
Yzerbyt, V., Corneille, O. y Estrada, C. (2001). The interplay of naive theories and entitativity from the outsider and the insider perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 141-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0502_5
Zdaniuk, B. y Levine, J. M. (2001). Group loyalty: Impact of members’ identification and contributions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 502-509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2000.1474
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Todos los contenidos publicados en Escritos de Psicología están sujetos a la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento-NoComercia-Compartirigual 4.0 cuyo texto completo puede consultar en <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0>
Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que:
- Se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra).
- No se usen para fines comerciales.
- Se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
Los derechos de autor son de dos clases: morales y patrimoniales. Los derechos morales son prerrogativas perpetuas, irrenunciables, intransferibles, inalienables, inembargables e imprescriptibles. De acuerdo con la legislación de derechos de autor, Escritos de Psicología reconoce y respeta el derecho moral de los autores/as, así como la titularidad del derecho patrimonial. Los derechos patrimoniales, se refieren a los beneficios que se obtienen por el uso o divulgación de las obras. Escritos de Psicología se publica en open access y queda autorizada en exclusiva para realizar u autorizar por cualquier medio el uso, distribución, divulgación, reproducción, adaptación, traducción o transformación de la obra.
Es responsabilidad de los autores/as obtener los permisos necesarios de las imágenes que están sujetas a derechos de autor.
10.png)
ESCRITOS DE PSICOLOGÍA por 