Disinformation about COVID-19 in Ibero-America: An Analysis of Fact Checkers

Luisa Massarani; Amanda Medeiros; Igor Waltz; Tatiane Leal

doi:10.24310/TSN.2022.v7i14.17651

Autores/as

Luisa Massarani Researcher at the House of Oswaldo Cruz at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (COC/Fiocruz/Brazil) Brasil
Amanda Medeiros Researcher at the National Institute of Public Communication of Science and Technology (INCT-CPCT Fiocruz/Brazil) Brasil
Igor Waltz Researcher at the National Institute of Public Communication of Science and Technology (INCT-CPCT Fiocruz/Brazil) Brasil
Tatiane Leal Research at the National Institute of Public Communication of Science and Technology (INCT-CPCT Fiocruz/Brazil) Brasil

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24310/TSN.2022.v7i14.17651

Palabras clave:

Desinformación, covid-19, infodemia, fact-checking, Iberoamérica, análisis de contenido

Resumen

En medio de la crisis de salud de la COVID-19, hemos estado experimentando un intenso desorden informativo. En ese contexto, nuestro objetivo en este estudio fue analizar las similitudes y diferencias entre los contenidos desinformativos que circularon en tres países del espacio iberoamericano, a través de las plataformas fact-checking pioneras en sus lugares de origen: Agência Lupa (Brasil), Newtral (España) y Polígrafo (Portugal). Seleccionamos las verificaciones realizadas en marzo de 2021, doce meses después del anuncio de la pandemia por parte de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Un total de 87 documentos fueron explorados cuantitativa y cualitativamente bajo el prisma del análisis de contenido (Bardin, 2011) y por medio de cinco categorías analíticas: clasificación, plataforma de servicio, formato, fuente y tema. Tres aspectos presentaron similitudes: predomina el contenido falso, en formato de texto y circula por las redes sociales. Entre los tipos de fuentes y los temas, se observaron diferencias en las estrategias de validación del contenido desinformativo y en los temas tratados. Concluimos que, aunque la pandemia es un fenómeno global, la desinformación responde a especificidades de los contextos políticos, sociales y culturales de los distintos países.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Métricas

Cargando métricas ...

Citas

Allcott, Hunt, & Gentzkow, Mathew (2017): “Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election”, in Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31 (2), pp. 211-236. Doi: https:// doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211

Bardin, Laurence (2011): Análise de conteúdo. Edições 70.

Brennan, J. Scott; Simon, Felix Marvin; Howard, Philip N.; & Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis (2020): Types, Sources, and Claims of COVID-19 Misinformation. Oxford: Reuters Institute/University of Oxford. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/types-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation

Cardoso, Gustavo; Pinto-Martinho, Ana; Narciso, Inês; Moreno, José; Crespo, Miguel; Palma, Nuno; & Sepúlveda, Rita (2020): Information and misinformation on the Coronavirus in Portugal: Whatsapp, Facebook e Google Searches. Lisbon: Media Lab. Retrieved from https://medialab.iscte-iul.pt/information-and-misinformation-coronavirus-in-portugal/

Ceron, Wilson; De-Lima-Santos, Mathias-Felipe; & Quiles, Marcos G. (2021): “Fake News Agenda in the Era of COVID-19: Identifying Trends through Fact-Checking Content”, in Online Social Networks and Media, 21, pp. 1-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.os- nem.2020.100116

Chen, Yimin; Conroy, Niall J.; & Rubin, Victoria L. (2015): “Misleading Online Content: Recognizing Clickbait as ‘False News’”, in WMDD’15: Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on Workshop on Multimodal Deception Detection. Doi: http://doi.org/10.1145/2823465.2823467

Chou, Wen-Ying S.; Hunt, Yvonne M.; Beckjord, Ellen B.; Moser, Richard P.; & Hesse, Bradford, W. (2009): “Social Media Use in the United States: Implications for Health Communication”, in Journal of Medical Internet Research, 11 (4), e48. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/ jmir.1249

Cinelli, Matteo; Quattrociocchi, Walter; Galeazzi, Alessandro; Valensise, Carlo Michele; Brugnoli, Emanuele; Schmidt, Ana Lucia; Zola, Paola; Zollo, Fabiana; & Scala, Antonio (2020): “The COVID-19 Social Media Infodemic”, in Scientific Reports, 10 (1), e16598. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5

Costa, José Carlos (2021): “Os impactos da COVID-19 no acesso à saúde em Portugal: Uma cartografia dos resultados registados durante a segunda vaga da pandemia”, in ARIES: Anuario de Antropologia Iberoamericana, 1-10. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3D2Jh5K

Cuesta-Cambra, Ubaldo; Martínez-Martínez, Luz; & Niño-González, José Ignacio (2019): “An Analysis of Pro-Vaccine and Anti-Vaccine Information on Social Networks and the Internet: Visual and Emotional Patterns”, in El Profesional de la Información, 28 (2), e280217. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.mar.17

Diele-Viegas, Luisa María; Hipólito, Juliana; & Ferrante, Lucas (2021): “Scientific Denialism Threatens Brazil”, in Science, 374 (6.5700), pp. 948-949. Doi: https://doi. org/10.1126/science.abm9933

Domínguez-Gil, Beatriz; Coll, Elisabeth; Fernández-Ruiz, Mario; Corral, Esther; Del-Río, Francisco; Zaragoza, Rafael; Rubio, Juan J.; & Hernández, Domingo (2020): “COVID-19 in Spain: Transplantation in the midst of the pandemic”, in Am. J. Transplant., 20 (9), pp. 2593-2598. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15983

Fernández-Torres, María Jesús; Almansa-Martínez, Ana; & Chamizo-Sánchez, Rocío (2021): “Infodemic and Fake News in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic”, in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (4), 1781. Doi: http://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18041781

Graves, Lucas; Nyhan, Brendan; & Reifler, Jason (2016): “Understanding Innovations in Journalistic Practice: A Field Experiment Examining Motivations for Fact-Checking”, in Journal of Communication, 66 (1), pp. 102-138. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ jcom.12198

Iftimie, Simona; López-Azcona, Ana F.; Lozano-Olmo, María José; Hernández-Aguilera, Anna; Sarrá-Moretó, Salvador; Joven, Jorge; Camps, Jordi; & Cas- tro, Antoni (2021): “Differential Features of the Fifth Wave of COVID-19 Associated with Vaccination and the Delta Variant in a Reference Hospital in Catalonia, Spain”, in medRxiv. Doi: https://doi. org/10.1101/2021.10.14.21264933

Kata, Anna (2012): “Anti-Vaccine Activists, Web 2.0, and the Postmodern Paradigm: An Overview of Tactics and Tropes Used Online by the Anti-Vaccination Movement”, in Vaccine, 30 (25), pp. 3778-3789. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112

Lazer, David M. J.; Baum, Matthew A.; Benkler, Yochai; Berinsky, Adam J.; Greenhill, Kelly M.; Menczer, Filippo; Metzger, Miriam J.; Nyhan, Brendan; Pennycook, Gordon; Rothschild, David; Schudson, Michael; Sloman, Steven A.; Sunstein, Cass R.; Thorson, Emily A.; Watts, Duncan J.; & Zittrain, Jonathan L. (2018): “The Science of Fake News”, in Science, 359 (6380), pp. 1094-1096. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998

López-García, Xosé; Costa-Sánchez, Carmen; & Vizoso, Ángel (2021): “Journalistic Fact-Checking of Information in Pandemic: Stakeholders, Hoaxes, and Strategies to Fight Disinformation during the COVID-19 Crisis in Spain”, in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (3), 1227. Doi: http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031227

Machado, Caio C. Vieira; Santos, Joao Guilherme; Santos, Nina; & Bandeira, Luiza (2020): Scientific [Self] Isolation. LAUT, INCT-DD, CEPEDISA. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3sl7SAY

Massarani, Luisa; Leal, Tatiane; & Waltz, Igor (2020): “O debate sobre vacinas em redes sociais: uma análise exploratória dos links com maior engajamento”, in Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36 (Suppl. 2), pp. 1-13. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00148319

Monari, Ana Carolina; Santos, Allan; & Sacramento, Igor (2020): “COVID-19 and (Hydroxy)Chloroquine: a Dispute over Scientific Truth during Bolsonaro’s Weekly Facebook Live Streams”, in Journal of Science Communication, 19 (07), A03. Doi: https://doi. org/10.22323/2.19070203

Moreno, José; Narciso, Inês; & Sepúlveda, Rita (2021): “Dinâmicas de circulação de conteúdo (des)informativo sobre a COVID-19 no WhatsApp, nos media e nas redes sociais online”, in Observatorio (OBS*), 15 (1), 03-23. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS0020211926

Moreno-Castro, Carolina; Vengut-Climent, Empar; Cano-Orón, Lorena; & Mendoza-Poudereux, Isabel (2021): “Exploratory Study of the Hoaxes Spread Via WhatsApp in Spain to Prevent and/or Cure COVID-19”, in Gaceta Sanitaria, 35 (6), pp. 534-540. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.07.008

Newman, Nic; Fletcher, Richard; Schulz, Anne; Andi, Sigme; & Nielse, Rasmus Kleis (2020): Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020. Reuters Institute/University of Oxford. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3GXW7V3

Oliveira, Thaiane M. (2020a): “Como enfrentar a desinformação científica? Desafios sociais, políticos e jurídicos intensificados no contexto da pandemia”, in Liinc em Revista, 16 (2), e5374. Doi: https://doi. org/10.18617/liinc.v16i2.5374

Oliveira, Thaiane M. (2020b): “Desinformação científica em tempos de crise epistêmica: circulação de teorias da conspiração nas plataformas de mídias sociais”, in Fronteiras-Estudos Midiáticos, 22 (1), pp. 21-35. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4013/fem.2020.221.03

Oliveira, Thaiane; Quinan, Rodrigo; & Toth, Janderson P. (2020): “Anti-vacina, fosfoetanolamina e mineral miracle solution (mms): mapeamento de fake sciences ligadas à saúde no Facebook”, in Reciis—Revista Eletrônica de Comunicação, Informação e Inovação em Saúde, 14 (1), pp. 90-111. Doi: https://doi. org/10.29397/reciis.v14i1.1988

Pérez-Laurrabaquio, Óscar (2021): “Covid-19 en España: primera ola de la emergencia”, in Medicina General y de Familia, 10 (1), pp. 3-9. Doi: http://doi. org/10.24038/mgyf.2021.007

Quintana Pujalte, Leticia, & Pannunzio, María Florencia (2021): “Fact-checking en Latinoamérica. Tipología de contenidos virales desmentidos durante la pandemia del coronavirus”, in Revista de Ciencias de la Comunicación e Información, 26, pp. 27-46. Doi: https://doi.org/10.35742/rcci.2021.26.e178

Recuero, Raquel; Soares, Felipe; & Zago, Gabriela (2021): “Polarization, Hyperpartisanship, and Echo Chambers: how the Disinformation about COVID-19 Circulates on Twitter”, in Contracampo, 40 (1). Doi: http://doi.org/10.22409/contracampo.v40i1.45611

Romero Rodríguez, Luis Miguel (2013): “Hacia un estado de la cuestion de las investigaciones sobre desinformación/misinformación”, in Correspondencias & Análisis, (3), pp. 319-342. Retrieved from https://dialnet. unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4739767

Sacramento, Igor; Santos, Allan; & Abib, Roberto (2020): “A saúde na era na testemunha: experiência e evidência na defesa da hidroxicloroquina”, in Revista Comunicação, Cultura e Sociedade, 7 (1), 003-023. Available at https://periodicos.unemat.br/index.php/ ccs/article/view/5087

Salaverría, Ramón; Buslón, Nataly; López-Pan, Fernando; León, Bienvenido; López-Goñi, Ignacio; Erviti, María-Carmen (2020): “Desinformación en tiempos de pandemia: tipología de los bulos sobre la Covid-19”, en El Profesional de la Información, 29 (3), e290315. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.15

Sampaio, Rafael Cardoso, & Lycarião, Diógenes (2021): Análise de conteúdo categorial: manual de aplicação.

Enap Escola Nacional de Administração Pública. Retrieved from https://repositorio.enap.gov.br/hand- le/1/6542

Soares, Felipe B.; Recuero, Raquel; Volcan, Taiane; Fagundes, Giane; & Sodré, Giéle (2021): “Research Note: Bolsonaro’s Firehose: How Covid-19 Disinformation on WhatsApp Was Used to Fight a Government Political Crisis in Brazil”, in The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 2 (1). Doi: http://doi. org/10.37016/mr-2020-54

Tandoc Jr., Edson (2019): “The Facts of Fake News: A Research Review”, in Sociology Compass, 13 (9): e12724. Doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12724

The Lancet (2020): COVID-19 in Brazil: ‘so what?’”, in The Lancet, 395 (10235), 1461. Doi: https://doi. org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31095-3

Wardle, Claire (2019): First Draft’s Essential Guide to Understanding Information Disorder. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3suiNrY

Wardle, Claire, & Derakhshan, Hossein (2017): Information Disorder: toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policymaking. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3FflYHP

WHO (2018): Managing Epidemics: Key Facts about Major Deadly Diseases. Retrieved from https://apps. who.int/iris/handle/10665/272442

Zago, Gabriela & Silva, Ana Lucía (2014): “Sites de rede social e economia da atenção: circulação e consumo de informações no Facebook e no Twitter”, in Vozes e Diálogo, 13 (1), pp. 5-17. Doi: https://doi. org/10.14210/vd.v13n01.p%25p