Relationship indirect VO2max - average speed on university race walking athletes: preliminar study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24310/riccafd.14.2.2025.21167Keywords:
university students, race walking, Cooper test, training, indirect VO2maxAbstract
The performance of race-walking university athletes is associated within their VO2max. The VO2max can be measured through the Cooper test which measures the indirect VO2max (ml/kg/min) and the average speed (km/h), to date there few studies that related Cooper test measures and their values with performance of racewalking athletes. Thus, in this preliminary study we tested the relationship between the Cooper test indirect VO2max and the average speed on university race walking athletes taking courses in the Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico. For it we consider three athletes and three seasons, and we analyze the data using generalized linear regression with two factors (athlete and season). We found that in our athletes there was a significant positive relationship between their indirect VO2max and the average speed (F = 249.44, gl = 2, 6, P < 0.00001, R2 = 0.984). The VO2max and the average speed relationship must be verified in future studies.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Athletics W, editor. Reglamento técnico y competición. Mónaco: World Athletics; 2022.
Cazzola D, Pavei G, Preatoni E. Can coordination variability identify performance factors and skill level in competitive sport? The case of race walking. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2016;5(1):35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.11.005
Hanley B, Bissas A, Drake A. Initial findings of a biomechanical analysis at the 2008 IAAF World Race Walking Cup. New studies in athletics. 2008;4:27-34.
Graham J. Periodization research and an example application. Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2002;24(6):62-70. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200212000-00015
Gamble P. Periodization of training for team sports athletes. Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2006;28(5):56-66. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4295(2006)28[56:POTFTS]2.0.CO;2
Borresen J, Lambert MI. The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance. Sports Med. 2009;39:779-95. https://doi.org/10.2165/11317780-000000000-00000
Issurin VB. New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports Med. 2010;40:189-206. https://doi.org/10.2165/11319770-000000000-00000
Issurin VB. Benefits and limitations of block periodized training approaches to athletes’ preparation: a review. Sports Med. 2016;46:329-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0425-5
Brodáni J, Czakova M, Tóth M, Pavlović R. Periodization of training load during preparatory and performance shaping phases of a 50 and 20 km race walker. Sport Science-International Scientific Journal of Kinesiology. 2015;8(2):49-54.
Dantas EHM, Barrón JC, Bispo MDC, de Godoy ES, dos Santos CKA, Bello MdND, et al. Criteria for identifying and assessing sports training periodization models (Criterios para identificar y evaluar modelos de periodización de entrenamiento deportivo). Retos. 2022;45:174-83. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v44i0.90583
Vargas Fuentes A, Urkiza Ibaibarriaga I, Gil Orozko SM. Effect of preseason matches in sports planning: Variability of training sessions. Retos-Nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación. 2015(27):45-51.
Drake A. The training methods of olympic champion Ivano Brugnetti and italian race walkers. The Coach. 2005;27:55-61.
Laursen PB. Training for intense exercise performance: high‐intensity or high‐volume training? Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01184.x
Smith DJ. A framework for understanding the training process leading to elite performance. Sports Med. 2003;33:1103-26. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333150-00003
Drake A, James R, Cox V, Godfre R, Brooks S. Prediction of race walking performance via laboratory and field tests. New Studies in Athletics. 2009;23(4):35-41.
Wiktorowicz K, Przednowek K, Lassota L, Krzeszowski T. Predictive modeling in race walking. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2015;2015(1):735060. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/735060
Penry JT, Wilcox AR, Yun J. Validity and reliability analysis of Cooper's 12-minute run and the multistage shuttle run in healthy adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2011;25(3):597-605. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cc2423
Hanley B. An analysis of pacing profiles of world-class racewalkers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8(4):435-41. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.4.435
Cooper KH. A means of assessing maximal oxygen intake: correlation between field and treadmill testing. JAMA. 1968;203(3):201-4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1968.03140030033008
Pavei G, La Torre A. The effects of speed and performance level on race walking kinematics. Sport Sci Health. 2016;12:35-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-015-0251-z
Boufaroua M, Mimouni N. Combined training programm for cladding and endurance and its conséquences on the performance of Algérian walkers. Journal of sport science technology and physical activities. 2020:139-55. https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/136600
Rasika P, Ujwal Y, Piyusha P, Bhagyashree RG. Effect of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization therapy vs parachute resistance training on performance level in race walkers: comparative study. International Journal of Physiotherapy. 2020;7(3):114-8. https://doi.org/10.15621/ijphy/2020/v7i3/701
Apte S, Troxler S, Besson C, Gremeaux V, Aminian K. Augmented Cooper test: Biomechanical contributions to endurance performance. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2022;4. 10.3389/fspor.2022.935272
Bandyopadhyay A. Validity of Cooper's 12-minute run test for estimation of maximum oxygen uptake in male university students. Biol Sport. 2015;32(1):59-63. https://doi.org/10.11183/jhe.50.1_39
Pulido T, Donís JH, Dávila DF, Hernández C, Odreman R. Evaluación de la frecuencia cardíaca y su relación con el remodelado ventricular en respuesta al ejercicio dinámico como indicador de función autonómica en atletas, pesistas y maratonistas. Avances en Biomedicina. 2016;5(2):57-65.
Boullosa DA, Tuimil JL. Postactivation potentiation in distance runners after two different field running protocols. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2009;23(5):1560-5. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a3ce61
Borg G. Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales: Human kinetics; 1998.
Borg G. Psychophysical scaling with applications in physical work and the perception of exertion. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1990:55-8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40965845
Crawley MJ. GLIM for ecologist. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1993.
StatSoft. Statistica version 10. StatSoft Hamburg, Germany2011.
Billat V, Renoux JC, Pinoteau J, Petit B, Koralsztein JP. Times to exhaustion at 100% of velocity at max and modelling of the time-limit/velocity relationship in elite long-distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1994;69(3):271-3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01094801
Berthon P, Fellmann N, Bedu M, Beaune B, Dabonneville M, Coudert J, et al. A 5-min running field test as a measurement of maximal aerobic velocity. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1997;75(3):233-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050153
Daniels J. Daniels' running formula: Human Kinetics; 2013.
Pupiš M, Spišiak M, Tóth M. How to become world champion and olympic gold medalist in 50 km race walk. Slovak Journal of Sport Science. 2017;2(1):1-7.
Gomez-Ezeiza J, Torres-Unda J, Tam N, Irazusta J, Granados C, Santos-Concejero J. Race walking gait and its influence on race walking economy in world-class race walkers. J Sports Sci. 2018;36(19):2235-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1449086
Alves D, Cruz R, Lima-Silva A, Domingos P, Bertuzzi R, Osiecki R, et al. Are experienced and high-level race walking athletes able to match pre-programmed with executed pacing? Braz J Med Biol Res. 2019;52:e8593. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X20198593
Abbiss CR, Laursen PB. Describing and understanding pacing strategies during athletic competition. Sports Med. 2008;38:239-52. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838030-00004
Tucker R, Lambert MI, Noakes TD. An analysis of pacing strategies during men’s world-record performances in track athletics. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2006;1(3):233-45. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.1.3.233
Léger LA, Boucher R. An indirect continuous running multistage Weld test: the Universite de Montreal track test. Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1980;5:77-84.
di Prampero PE, Atchou G, Brückner J-C, Moia C. The energetics of endurance running. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1986;55(3):259-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02343797
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All the contents published in Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte are subject to the Creative Commons Reconocimento-NoComercia-Compartirigual 4.0 license, the full text of which can be found at <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0>
They may be copied, used, disseminated, transmitted and publicly exposed, provided that:
The authorship and original source of your publication (Journal, editorial and URL of the work) are cited.
They are not used for commercial purposes.
The existence and specifications of this use license are mentioned.
Copyright is of two kinds: moral rights and patrimonial rights. Moral rights are perpetual, inalienable, inalienable, inalienable, inalienable and imprescriptible prerogatives.
In accordance with copyright legislation, Revista Eviterna recognizes and respects the moral rights of the authors, as well as the ownership of the economic right, which will be transferred to the University of Malaga for dissemination in open access.
The economic rights refer to the benefits obtained by the use or disclosure of the works. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte is published in open access and is exclusively authorized to carry out or authorize by any means the use, distribution, disclosure, reproduction, adaptation, translation or transformation of the work.
It is the responsibility of the authors to obtain the necessary permissions of the images that are subject to copyright.
9.png)
