Diferentes formas de enfrentar una situación extrema: Perfiles de afrontamiento durante el confinamiento por COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24310/escpsi.16.2.2023.14848Palabras clave:
cluster, optimismo, resiliencia, COVID-19, uso problemático de las redes socialesResumen
Antecedentes. Existen múltiples estudios que analizan las consecuencias del confinamiento para la salud mental. No obstante, no existen estudios que analicen los diferentes perfiles de afrontamiento de la situación dependiendo de características sociodemográficas relevantes (sexo, edad y pérdida de ingresos), de los hábitos desadaptativos llevados a cabo durante el confinamiento (nivel de uso problemático de Redes Sociales y hábitos no saludables), y de variables de personalidad protectoras (resiliencia y optimismo). Método. 1003 participantes (75.5% mujeres), con un rango de edad entre 18 y 83 años (M = 42.33; SD = 14.32) contestaron un cuestionario online. Se realiza un análisis de clúster para identificar los diferentes grupos en la muestra dependiendo de las variables de uso problemático de redes sociales, de hábitos no saludables, sexo, edad, pérdida de ingresos, resiliencia y optimismo, tras ello se analizan las diferencias entre los diversos grupos mediante varios ANOVAs. Resultados. Existen cuatro grupos de afrontamiento denominados Jóvenes Optimistas, Jóvenes Pesimistas, Personas de Mediana edad Optimistas y Personas de Mayor Edad Resilientes con diferentes significativas entre ellos en ansiedad, depresión e insatisfacción con la vida. Conclusiones. Este estudio permite conocer las características fundamentales de los diferentes grupos de afrontamiento durante el confinamiento.
Descargas
Métricas
Citas
American Psychological Association (2014). The road to resilience. http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx
Andreassen, C. S., & Pallesen, S. (2014). Social network site addiction—An overview. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4053-4061. https://doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990616
Arcieri, A. A. (2021). The relationships between COVID-19 anxiety, ageism, and ableism. Psychological Reports, 125(5), 2531-2545. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211018404
Ausín , B., González-Sanguino, C., Castellanos, M. Ángel, Saiz, J., Ugidos, C., López-Gómez, A., & Muñoz, M. (2021). Soledad, salud mental y la COVID-19 en la población española. Escritos de Psicología, 14(2), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v14i2.12498
Balaban, D. C., & Spoaller, D. F. (2020). How social comparison on Instagram affects wellbeing. Perspectives from a study conducted during the lockdown. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, 65(2), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.24193/subbeph.2020.2.01
Baumgartner, J. N., Schneider, T. R., & Capiola, A. (2018). Investigating the relationship between optimism and stress responses: A biopsychosocial perspective. Personality and Individual Differences, 129, 114-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.021
Been, F., Emke, E., Matias, J., Baz-Lomba, J. A., Boogaerts, T., Castiglioni, S., Campos-Mañas, M., Celma, A., Covaci, A., Voogt, F., Her & Bijlsma, L. (2021). Changes in drug use in European cities during early COVID-19 lockdowns-A snapshot from wastewater analysis. Environment International, 153, Article 106540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106540
Boursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2020). Facing loneliness and anxiety during the COVID-19 isolation: The role of excessive social media use in a sample of Italian adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, Article 586222. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586222
Blanca, M. J., Alarcón, R., Arnau, J., Bono, R., & Bendayan, R. (2017). Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option? Psicothema, 29(4), 552-557. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.383
Brailovskaia, J., Cosci, F., Mansueto, G., & Margraf, J. (2021). The relationship between social media use, stress symptoms and burden caused by coronavirus (Covid-19) in Germany and Italy: A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 3, Article 100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100067
Calina, D., Hartung, T., Mardare, I., Mitroi, M., Poulas, K., Tsatsakis, A., Rogoveanu, I. & Docea, A. O. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and alcohol consumption: Impacts and interconnections. Toxicology Reports, 8, 529-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.005
Carriedo, A., Cecchini, J. A., Fernández-Río, J., & Méndez-Giménez, A. (2020). Resilience and physical activity in people under home isolation due to COVID-19: A preliminary evaluation. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 19, Article 100361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100361
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006
Cong, D. D. (2021). The impact of fear and anxiety of Covid-19 on life satisfaction: Psychological distress and sleep disturbance as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 178, Article 110869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110869
Codagnone, C., Bogliacino, F., Gómez, C., Charris, R., Montealegre, F., Liva, G., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Folkvord, F. & Veltri, G. A. (2020). Assessing concerns for the economic consequence of the COVID-19 response and mental health problems associated with economic vulnerability and negative economic shock in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Plos One, 15(10), Article e0240876. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240876
Cudo, A., Mącik, D., Griffiths, M. D., & Kuss, D. J. (2020). The relationship between problematic Facebook use and early maladaptive schemas. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(12), Article 3921. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123921
Cuesta, M., Suárez-Álvarez, J., Lozano, L., García-Cueto, E. y Muñiz, J. (2018). Assessment of eight entrepreneurial personality dimensions: Validity evidence of the BEPE battery. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 2352. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02352.
Deontological Code of the Spanish Psychological Association (2010). Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Psicólogos. https://www.cop.es/index.php?page=CodigoDeontologico
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., y Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
García-Fernández, L., Romero-Ferreiro, V., López-Roldán, P. D., Padilla, S., & Rodriguez-Jimenez, R. (2020). Mental health in elderly Spanish people in times of COVID-19 outbreak. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(10), 1040-1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.06.027
Gori, A., Topino, E., & Di Fabio, A. (2020). The protective role of life satisfaction, coping strategies and defense mechanisms on perceived stress due to COVID-19 emergency: A chained mediation model. Plos One, 15(11), Article e0242402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242402
González-Nuevo, C., Cuesta, M., Postigo, A., Menéndez-Aller, A., García-Cueto, E. & Muñiz, J. (2023). Problematic social network use: Structure and assessment. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21, 2122–2137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00711-y
González-Nuevo, C., Cuesta, M., Postigo, Á., Menéndez-Aller, Á., García-Fernández, J., & Kuss, D. J. (2022). Using social networking sites during lockdown: Risks and benefits. Psicothema, 34(3), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2022.51
González-Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M. Á., Saiz, J., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C., & Muñoz, M. (2020). Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 172-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040
Gundogan, S. (2021). The mediator role of the fear of COVID-19 in the relationship between psychological resilience and life satisfaction. Current Psychology, 40, 6291-6299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01525-w
Gutiérrez-Hernández, M. E., Fanjul, L. F., Díaz-Megolla, A., Reyes-Hurtado, P., Herrera-Rodríguez, J. F., Enjuto-Castellanos, M. del P., & Peñate, W. (2021). COVID-19 lockdown and mental health in a sample population in Spain: The role of self-compassion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), Article 2103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042103
Haddad, J. M., Macenski, C., Mosier-Mills, A., Hibara, A., Kester, K., Schneider, M., Conrad, R. C., & Liu, C. H. (2021). The impact of social media on college mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multinational review of the existing literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(11), Article 70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01288-y
International Test Commission (2013). ITC Guidelines on Test Use. https://www.intestcom.org/files/guideline_test_use.pdf
Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H. A., Ashby, J. S., Elwakeel, S. A., Alhuwailah, A., Sous, M. S. F., Baali, S. B. A., Azdaou, C., Oliemat, E. M. & Jamil, H. J. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 traumatic stressors on mental health: Is COVID-19 a new trauma type. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00577-0
Keles, B., McCrae, N. & Grealish, A. (2020). A systematic review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851
Koliouli, F., & Canellopoulos, L. (2021). Dispositional optimism, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth in greek general population facing the COVID-19 crisis. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(2), Article 100209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2021.100209
Lee, K., Jeong, G. C., & Yim, J. (2020). Consideration of the psychological and mental health of the elderly during COVID-19: A theoretical review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), Article 8098. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218098
Lenhard, W., & Lenhard, A. (2016). Calculation of effect sizes. https://www.psychometrica.de/effect_size.html
Li, A., Wang, S., Cai, M., Sun, R., & Liu, X. (2021). Self-compassion and life-satisfaction among Chinese self-quarantined residents during COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model of positive coping and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, Article 110457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110457
Liu, C. H., Zhang, E., Wong, G. T. F., & Hyun, S. (2020). Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for US young adult mental health. Psychiatry Research, 290, Article 113172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172
Méndez-Giménez, A., Cecchini Estrada, J. A., Fernández Río, F. J., & Carriedo Cayón, A. (2021). Physical activity and prevention of depressive symptoms in the spanish population during confinement due to covid-19. Psicothema, 33(1), 11-117. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.294
Nguyen, N. N. (2022). Optimism as a protective factor against alcohol use among Vietnamese teenagers. Journal of Substance Use, 27(4), 381-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2021.1941358
Padmanabhanunni, A., & Pretorius, T. (2021). Behaviour is the key in a pandemic: The direct and indirect effects of COVID-19-related variables on psychological wellbeing. Psychological Reports, 125(5), 2456-2469. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211025269
Pérez-Rojo, G., López Martínez, J., Noriega García, C., Martínez Huertas, J. Á., Velasco Vega, C., Carretero Abellán, M. I., López-Frutos, P., Galarraga, L. & Pillemer, K. (2021). Older people’s personal strengths during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Psicothema, 33(3), 423-432. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.453
Rogers, A. H., Shepherd, J. M., Garey, L., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020). Psychological factors associated with substance use initiation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 293, Article 113407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113407
Rodríguez-Rey, R., Alonso-Tapia, J., y Hernansaiz-Garrido, H. (2016). Reliability and validity of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) Spanish version. Psychological Assessment, 28(5), e101-e110. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000191
Sandín, B., Valiente, R. M., García-Escalera, J., & Chorot, P. (2020). Impacto psicológico de la pandemia de COVID-19: Efectos negativos y positivos en población española asociados al periodo de confinamiento nacional. Revista De Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 25(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.27569
Singleton, G., Johnson, L., Singleton, N., & Li, H. (2022). COVID‐19‐related anxiety: How do coping and optimism relate to substance use in African–American young adults? Journal of Community Psychology, 1– 18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22863
López-Núñez, M. I., Díaz-Morales, J. F., & Aparicio-García, M. E. (2021). Individual differences, personality, social, family and work variables on mental health during COVID-19 outbreak in Spain. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, Article 110562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110562
Menéndez-Aller, Á., Postigo, Á., Montes-Álvarez, P., González-Primo, F. J., & García-Cueto, E. (2020). Humor as a protective factor against anxiety and depression. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 20(1), 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.12.002
Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2020). "Pandemic fear" and COVID-19: Mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 232-235. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
Osofsky, H. J., & Osofsky, J. D. (2013). Hurricane Katrina and the Gulf oil spill: Lessons learned. Psychiatric Clinics, 36(3), 371-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2013.05.009
Şahin, M. D. (2021). Effect of item order on certain psychometric properties: A demonstration on a Cyberloafing Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 590545. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.590545
Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., Rasoulpoor, S. & Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and Health, 16(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
Sica, C., Latzman, R. D., Caudek, C., Cerea, S., Colpizzi, I., Caruso, M., Giulini, P. & Bottesi, G. (2021). Facing distress in Coronavirus era: The role of maladaptive personality traits and coping strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 177, Article 110833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110833
Solé, B., Verdolini, N., Amoretti, S., Montejo, L., Rosa, A. R., Hogg, B., García-Rizo, C., Mezquida, G., Bernardo, M., Martínez-Aran, A., Vieta, E. & Torrent, C. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in Spain: Comparison between community controls and patients with a psychiatric disorder. Preliminary results from the BRIS-MHC STUDY. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.099
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
Stanton, R., To, Q. G., Khalesi, S., Williams, S. L., Alley, S. J., Thwaite, T. L., Fenning, A. S. & Vandelanotte, C. (2020). Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), Article 4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114065
Terol, M. C., López-Roig, S., Rodríguez-Marín, J., Martí-Aragón, M., Pastor, M. A., & Reig, M. T. (2007). Propiedades psicométricas de la escala hospitalaria de ansiedad y depresión (HAD) en población española. Ansiedad y Estrés, 13(2-3). 163-176.
Urdiales-Claros, R., & Sánchez-Álvarez, N. (2021). Sintomatología depresiva e ideación suicida como consecuencia de la pandemia por la COVID-19. Escritos de Psicología, 14(2), 134-144. https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v14i2.12901
Vázquez, C., Duque, A., & Hervás, G. (2013). Satisfaction with life scale in a representative sample of Spanish adults: Validation and normative data. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16, Article e83. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2013.82
Valiente, C., Contreras, A., Peinado, V., Trucharte, A., Martínez, A. P., & Vázquez, C. (2021). Psychological adjustment in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic: Positive and negative mental health outcomes in the general population. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 24, Article e8. https://doi.org/10.1017/SJP.2021.7
Vall-Roqué, H., Andrés, A., & Saldaña, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on social network sites use, body image disturbances and self-esteem among adolescents and young women. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 110, Article 110293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110293
Verdolini, N., Amoretti, S., Montejo, L., García-Rizo, C., Hogg, B., Mezquida, G., Rabelo-da-Ponte, F.C., Vallespir, C., Radua, J., Martínez-Aran, A., Pacchiarotti, I., Rosa, A. R., Bernardo, M., Vieta, E., Torrent, C. & Solé, B. (2021). Resilience and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 283, 156-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.055
Vos, L. M., Habibović, M., Nyklíček, I., Smeets, T., & Mertens, G. (2021). Optimism, mindfulness, and resilience as potential protective factors for the mental health consequences of fear of the coronavirus. Psychiatry Research, 300, Article 113927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113927
Weinberg, M. K., Seton, C., & Cameron, N. (2018). The measurement of subjective wellbeing: Item-order effects in the personal wellbeing index—adult. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(1), 315-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9822-1
Yesilyurt, F., & Turhan, N. S. (2020). Prediction of the time spent on Instagram by social media addiction and life satisfaction. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 15(2), 208-219. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v15i2.4592
Zigmond, A. S. & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Covadonga González-Nuevo Vázquez, Álvaro Menéndez-Aller, Álvaro Postigo, Jaime García-Fernández, Eduardo García-Cueto, Marcelino Cuesta, José Muñiz
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Todos los contenidos publicados en Escritos de Psicología están sujetos a la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento-NoComercia-Compartirigual 4.0 cuyo texto completo puede consultar en <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0>
Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que:
- Se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra).
- No se usen para fines comerciales.
- Se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
Los derechos de autor son de dos clases: morales y patrimoniales. Los derechos morales son prerrogativas perpetuas, irrenunciables, intransferibles, inalienables, inembargables e imprescriptibles. De acuerdo con la legislación de derechos de autor, Escritos de Psicología reconoce y respeta el derecho moral de los autores/as, así como la titularidad del derecho patrimonial. Los derechos patrimoniales, se refieren a los beneficios que se obtienen por el uso o divulgación de las obras. Escritos de Psicología se publica en open access y queda autorizada en exclusiva para realizar u autorizar por cualquier medio el uso, distribución, divulgación, reproducción, adaptación, traducción o transformación de la obra.
Es responsabilidad de los autores/as obtener los permisos necesarios de las imágenes que están sujetas a derechos de autor.
10.png)
ESCRITOS DE PSICOLOGÍA por 