Depresión y memoria: pruebas explícitas e implícitas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.vi2.13431Palabras clave:
Depresión, pruebas implícitas y explícitas de memoria, pruebas perceptivas y conceptualesResumen
En el presente trabajo se analiza el efecto del estado de ánimo sobre la memoria, comenzando por revisar los déficits de memoria de los sujetos depresivos en pruebas explícitas como la de recuerdo libre o reconocimiento. A continuación, y tras abordar los aspectos esenciales relativos a las pruebas implícitas de memoria, se comprueba que, aunque los depresivos presentan déficits de memoria en las pruebas explícitas, no sucede así en las implícitas, observándose, por tanto, una clara disociación de resultados entre estos dos tipos de pruebas. Por último, en los sujetos depresivos también aparece disociación de resultados entre pruebas implícitas perceptivas y conceptuales. Concretamente, los problemas de memoria se mantienen ante las pruebas conceptuales mientras que no sucede así en las perceptivas.
Descargas
Métricas
Citas
Allen, S. W. y Jacoby, L. L. (1990). Reinstating study context produces unconscious influences of memory. Memory & Cognition, 18, 270-278.
Austin, M. P., Ross, M., Murray, C., O’Carroll, R. E., Ebmeier, K. P. y Goodwin, G. M. (1992). Cognitive function in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 25, 21-30.
Bazin, N., Perruchet, P., de Bonis, M. y Feline, A. (1994). The dissociation of explicit and implicit memory in depressed patients. Psychological Medicine, 24, 239-245.
Beato, M. S. y Fernández, A. (1995). Memoria explícita e implícita en pacientes depresivos: Diferencias entre pruebas perceptivas y conceptuales. Cognitiva, 7, 51-66.
Blaxton, T. A. (1989). lnvestigating dissociations among memory measures: Support far a transfer appropriate processing framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 657-668.
Blaxton, T. A. (1992). Dissociations among memory measures in memory-impaired subjects: Evidence for a processing account of memory. Memory & Cognition, 20, 549-562.
Bower, G. H. (1983). Affect and cognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 302, 387-402.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K. y Williams, R. (1994). Implicit and explicit memory for emotional information in non-clinical subjects. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 65-78.
Brand, A. N., Jolles, J. y Gispen de Wied, C. (1992). Recall and recognition memory deficits in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 25, 77-86.
Budd, T. W. y Carroll, M. (1994). The effects of modality and elaboration on perceptual identification. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 47A, 589-605.
Burt, D. B., Zembar, M. J. y Niederehe, G. (1995). Depression and memory: A meta-analysis of the association, its pattern, and specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 285-305.
Cabeza, R. y Ohta, N. (1993). Dissociating conceptual priming, perceptual priming and explicit memory. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 5, 35-53.
Calev, A. y Erwin, P. G. (1985). Recall and recognition in depressives: Use of matched tasks. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 127-128.
Carroll, M., Byrne, B. y Kirsner, K. (1985). Autobiographical memory and perceptual learning: A developmental study using picture recognition, naming latency, and perceptual identification. Memory & Cognition, 13, 273-279.
Cohen, R. M., Weingartner, H., Smallberg, S. A., Pickar, D. y Murphy, D. L. (1982). Effort and cognition in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 593-597.
Cooper, L. A., Schacter, D. L., Ballesteros, S. y Moore, C. (1992). Priming and recognition of transformed three dimensional objects: Effects of size and reflection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 43-57.
Costanzo, P. R. y Hasher, L. (1989). Mood and memory: A reconsideration. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4, 71-78.
Challis, B. H. y Brodbeck, D. R. (1992). Level of processing affects priming in word fragment completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 595-607.
Channon, S., Baker, J. E. y Robertson, M. M. (1993). Effects of structure and clustering on recall and recognition memory in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 323-326.
Christensen, H. y Birrell, P. (1991). Explicit and implicit memory in demencia and normal ageing. Psychological Research, 53, 149-161.
Danion, J. M., Willard-Schroeder, D., Zimmermann, M. A., Grangé, D., Schlienger, J. L. y Singer, L. (1991). Explicit memory and repetition priming in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 707-711.
Deijen, J. B., Orlebeke, J. F. y Rijsdijk, F. V. (1993). Effect of depression on psychomotor skills, eye movements and recognition memory. Journal of Affective Disorders, 29, 33-40.
Denny, E. B. y Hunt, R. R. (1992). Affective valence and memory in depression: Dissociation of recall and fragment completion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 101, 575-580.
Dobson, D. J. G. y Dobson, K. S. (1981). Problem-solving strategies in depressed and nondepressed college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 5, 237-249.
Dunbar, G. C. y Lishman, W. A. (1984). Depression, recognition-memory and hedonic tone: A signal detection analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 376-382.
Dunn, J. C. y Kirsner, K. (1989). lmplicit memory: Task or process? En S. Lewandowsky, J. C. Dunn y K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory: Theoretical issues, (pp. 17-32). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ebbinghaus (1885). Über das gedächtnis. Leipzig: Dunker. (Traducción inglesa: Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New York: Bover, 1964).
Elliott, C. L. y Greene, R. L. (1992). Clinical depression and implicit memory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 572-574.
Ellis, H. C. (1990). Depressive deficits in memory: Processing initiative and resource allocation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 60-62.
Ellis, H. C. (1991). Focused attention and depressive deficits in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120, 310-312.
Ellis, H. C. y Ashbrook, P. W. (1988). Resource allocation model of the effects of depressed mood states on memory. En K. Fiedler y J. Jorgas (Eds.), Affect, cognition and social behavior: New evidence and integrative attempts, (pp. 25-43). Göttingen: Mogrefe.
Ellis, H. C. y Ashbrook, P. W. (1989). The «state» of mood and memory research: A selective review. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4, 1-22.
Ellis, H. C., Thomas, R. L., McFarland, A. D. y Lane, W. (1985). Emotion mood states and retrieval in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 363-370.
Ellis, H. C., Thomas, R. L. y Rodriguez, l. A. (1984 ). Emotional mood states and memory: Elaborative encoding, semantic processing, and cognitive effort. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 470-482.
Frith, C. D., Stevens, M., Johnstone, E. C., Deakin, J. F. W., Lawler, P. y Crow, T. J. (1983). Effects of ECT and depression on various aspects of memory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 610-617.
Froufe, M. (1991). Memoria y conciencia. En J. M. Ruiz-Vargas (Ed.), Psicología de la memoria (pp. 339-368). Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Gabrieli, J. D. E., Fleischman, D. A., Keane, M. M., Reminger, S. L. y Morrell, F. (1995). Double dissociation between memory systems underlying explicit and implicit memory in the human brain. Psychological Science, 6, 76-82.
Glass, R. M.,Uhlenhuth, E. H., Hartel, F. W., Matuzas, W. y Fischman, M. W. (1981). Cognitive dysfunction and imipramine in outpatient depressives. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 1048-1051.
Golinkoff, M. y Sweeney, J. A. (1989). Cognitive impairments in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 17, 105-112.
Graf, P., Mandler, G. y Haden, P. (1982). Simulating amnesic symptoms in normal subjects. Science, 218, 1243-1244.
Graf, P. y Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 501-518.
Graf, P., Squire, L. R. y Mandler, G. (1984). The information that amnesic patients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 164-178.
Hartlage, S., Alloy, L. B., Vázquez, C. y Dykman, B. (1993). Automatic and effortful processing in depression. Psychological Bulletin, 1, 247-278.
Hasher, L. y Zacks, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 356-388.
Henry, G. M., Weingartner, H. y Murphy, D. L. (1973). Influence of affective states and psychoactive drugs on verbal learning and memory. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 966-971.
Hertel, P. T. (1994). Depression and memory: Are impairments remediable through attentional control? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3, 190-193.
Hertel, P. T. y Hardin, T. S. (1990). Remembering with and without awareness in a depressed mood: Evidence of deficits in initiative. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 45-59.
Hertel, P. T. y Milan, S. (1994). Depressive deficits in recogniton: Dissociation of recollection and familiarity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 736-742.
Hertel, P. T. y Rude, S. S. (1991). Depressive deficits in memory: Focusing attention improves subsequent recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120, 301-309.
Hirshman, E., Snodgrass, J. G., Mindes, J. y Feenan, K. (1990). Conceptual priming in fragment completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 634-64.
Ilsey, J. E., Moffoot, A. P. R. y O’Carroll, R. E. (1995). An analysis of memory dysfunction in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 35, 1-9.
Jacoby, L. L. (1983). Remembering the data: Analyzing interactive processes in reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 485-508.
Jacoby, L. L. y Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
Java, R. (1992). Priming and aging: Evidence of preserved memory function in an anagram solution task. American journal of Psychology, 105, 541-548.
Java, R. l. y Gardiner, J. M. (1991). Priming and aging: Further evidence of preserved memory function. American journal of Psychology, 104, 89-100.
Johnson, M. H. y Magaro, P. A. (1987). Effects of mood and severity on memory processes in depression and mania. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 28-40.
Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englowood Clifts N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Keane, M. M., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Fennema, A. C., Growdon, J. H. y Corkin, S. (1991). Evidence for a dissociation between perceptual and conceptual priming in Alzheimer’s disease. Behavioral Neuroscience, 105, 326-342.
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1980). Posthypnotic amnesia for recently learned material: lnteractions with «Episodic» and «Semantic» memory. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 227-251.
Kopelman, M. D. (1986). Clinical tests of memory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 517-525.
Krames, L. y MacDonald, M. R. (1985). Distraction and depressive cognitions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9, 561-573.
Leight, K. A. y Ellis, H. C. (1981). Emotional mood states, strategies, and state-dependency in memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 251-266.
Masters, J. C., Barden, C. y Ford, M. E. (1979). Affective states, expressive behavior, and learning in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 380-390.
McClelland, A. G. R. y Pring, L. (1991). An investigation of cross-modality effects in implicit and explicit memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43A, 19-33.
Mecklenbräuker, S. y Hager, W. (1984). Effects of mood on memory: Experimental tests of a mood-state-dependent retrieval hypothesis and of a mood-congruity hypothesis. Psychological Research, 46, 355-376.
Menor, J. y Paz, M. D. (1996). Efectos del olvido inducido en pruebas directas e indirectas de memoria. Psicológica, 17, 519-532.
Meseguer, E. y Algarabel, S. (1991). Notas acerca de la diferenciación entre memoria implícita y memoria explícita. Psicologia, 12, 253-277.
Micco, A. y Masson, M. E. J. (1991). lmplicit memory for new associations: An interactive process approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 1105-1123.
Miller, W. R. (1975). Psychological deficit in depression. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 238-260.
Monti, L. A., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Wilson, R. S. y Reminger, S. L. (1994). Intact text-specific implicit memory in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Psychology and Aging, 9, 64-71.
Morris, C. D., Bransford, J. D. y Franks, J. J. (1977). Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 519-533.
Norton, N. A., Houston, H. O., Johnson, J. E. y Zechmeister, E. B. (1988). Memory for event frequency as a function of depression, age, intentionality, and level of processing. The journal of General Psychology, 115, 369-381.
O’Brien, J. T., Sahakian, B. J. y Checkley, S. A. (1993). Cognitive impairments in patients with seasonal affective disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 338-343.
Pascual, J. y Camarasa, C. (1991). Cognición y emoción: un estudio experimental sobre la relación afecto-memoria inmediata. Revista de Psicología Universitas Tarraconensis, 13, 33-43.
Perfect, T. J., Downes, J. J., Davies, P. M. y Wilson, K. (1992). Preserved implicit memory for lexical information in Alzheimer’s disease. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 747-754.
Potts, R., Camp, C. y Coyne, C. (1989). The relationship between naturally occurring dysphoric moods, elaborative encoding, and recall performance. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 197-205.
Richardson-Klavehn, A. y Bjork, R. A. (1988). Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 475-543.
Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056.
Roediger, H. L. y Blaxton, T. A. (1987a). Retrieval modes produce dissociations in memory for surface information. En D. S. Gorfein y R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), Memory and cognitive processes: The Ebbinghaus centennial conference, (pp. 349-379). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Roediger, H. L. y Blaxton, T. A. (1987b). Effects of varying modality, surface features, and retention interval on priming in word-fragment completion. Memory & Cognition, 15, 379-388.
Roediger, H. L. y McDermott, K. B. (1992). Depression and implicit memory: A commentary. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 587-591.
Roediger, H. L. y Srinivas, K. (1993). Specificity of operations in perceptual priming. En P. Graf y M. Masson (Eds.), Implicit memory: New directions in cognition, development, and neuropsychology, (pp. 17-48). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Roediger, H. L., Srinivas, K. y Weldon, M. S. (1989). Dissociations between implicit measures of retention. En S. Lewandowsky, J. C. Dunn y K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory: Theoretical issues, (pp. 67-86). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rohling, M. L. y Scogin, F. (1993). Automatic and effortful memory processes in depressed persons. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 48, P87-P95.
Ruíz, J. A. y Bermúdez, J. (1991). Estado de ánimo depresivo y memoria: Un análisis teórico y empírico. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 44, 329-338.
Ruiz-Vargas, J. M. (1993). Disociaciones entre pruebas implícitas y explícitas de memoria: Significado e implicaciones teóricas. Estudios de Psicología, 49, 71-106.
Ruiz-Vargas, J. M. (1994). La memoria humana: Función y estructura. Madrid: Alianza.
Russell, P. N. y Beekhuis, M. E. (1976). Organization in memory: A comparison of psychotics and normals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 527-534.
Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 501-518.
Schacter, D. L. (1992). Understanding implicit memory: A cognitive neuroscience approach. American Psychologist, 47, 559-569.
Schacter, D. L. y Graf, P. (1986). Effects of elaborative processing on implicit and explicit memory for new associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 432-444.
Schacter, D. L., Bowers, J. y Booker, J. (1989). lntention, awareness, and implicit memory: The retrieval intentionality criterion. En S. Lewandowsky, J. C. Dunn y K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory: Theoretical issues, (pp. 47-66). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Shimamura, A. P. (1993). Neuropsychological analyses of implicit memory: History, Methodology, and theoretical interpretations. En P. Graf y M. Masson (Eds.), Implicit memory: New directions in cognition, development, and neuropsychology, (pp. 265-286). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Shimamura, A. P., Salmon, D. P., Squire, L. R. y Butters, N. (1987). Memory dysfunction and word priming in demencia and amnesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 101, 347-351.
Silberman, E. K., Weingartner, H. y Post, R. M. (1983). Thinking disorder in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 775-780.
Slife, B. D., Miura, S., Thompson, L. W., Shapiro, J. L. y Gallagher, D. (1984). Differential recall as a function of mood disorder in clinically depressed patients: Between-and within-subject differences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 391-400.
Smith, E. R. y Branscombe, N. R. (1988). Category accessibility as implicit memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 490-504.
Snodgrass, J. G. y Feenan, K. (1990). Priming effects in picture fragment completion: Support for the perceptual closure hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 276-296.
Snodgrass, J. G. y Hirshman, E. (1994). Dissociations among implicit and explicit memory tasks: The role of stimulus similarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 150-160.
Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B. y Musen, G. (1993). The structure and organization of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 453-495.
Srinivas, K. y Roediger, H. L. (1990). Classifying implicit memory tests: Category association and anagram solution. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 389-412.
Sternberg, D. E. y Jarvik, M. E. (1976). Memory functions in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 219-224.
Thapar, A. y Greene, R. L. (1994). Effects of levels of processing on implicit and explicit tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 671-679.
Tobías, B. A., Kihlstrom, J. F. y Schacter, D. L. (1992). Emotion and implicit memory. En S. A. Christianson (Ed.), The handbook of emotion and memory: Research and theory, (pp. 67-92). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Velten, E. (1968). A laboratory task for induction of mood states. Behavior Research, 6, 473-482.
Warrington, E. K. y Weiskrantz, L. (1970). Amnesia: Consolidation or retrieval? Nature, 228, 628-630.
Warrington, E. K. y Weiskrantz, L. (1974). The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia, 12, 419-428.
Watkins, P. C., Mathews, A., Williamson, D. A. y Fuller, R. D. (1992). Mood-congruent memory in depression: Emotional priming or elaboration? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 581-586.
Watts, F. N. (1995). Depression and anxiety. A. D. Baddeley, B. A. Wilson y F. N. Watts (Eds.), Handbook of memory disorders (pp. 293-317). New York: John Wiley.
Watts, F. N. y Cooper, Z. (1989). The effects of depression on structural aspects of the recall of prose. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 150-153.
Watts, F. N., Dalgleish, T., Bourke, P. y Healy, D. (1990). Memory deficit in clinical depression: Processing resources and the structure of materials. Psychological Medicine, 20, 345-349.
Watts, F. N., MacLeod, A. K. y Morris, L. (1988). A remedial strategy for memory and concentration problems in depressed patients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 185-195.
Watts, F. N., Morris, L. y MacLeod, A. K. (1987). Recognition memory in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 273-275.
Watts, F. N. y Sharrock, R. (1987). Cued recall in depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 149-150.
Weingartner, H., Cohen, R. M., Murphy, D. L., Martello, J. y Gerdt, C. (1981). Cognitive processes in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 42-47.
Whitehead, A. (1973). Verbal learning and memory in elderly depressives. British Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 203-208.
Wolfe, J., Granholm, E., Butters, N., Saunders, E. y Janowsky, D. (1987). Verbal memory deficits associated with major affective disorders: A comparison of unipolar and bipolar patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 13, 83-92.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Todos los contenidos publicados en Escritos de Psicología están sujetos a la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento-NoComercia-Compartirigual 4.0 cuyo texto completo puede consultar en <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0>
Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que:
- Se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra).
- No se usen para fines comerciales.
- Se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
Los derechos de autor son de dos clases: morales y patrimoniales. Los derechos morales son prerrogativas perpetuas, irrenunciables, intransferibles, inalienables, inembargables e imprescriptibles. De acuerdo con la legislación de derechos de autor, Escritos de Psicología reconoce y respeta el derecho moral de los autores/as, así como la titularidad del derecho patrimonial. Los derechos patrimoniales, se refieren a los beneficios que se obtienen por el uso o divulgación de las obras. Escritos de Psicología se publica en open access y queda autorizada en exclusiva para realizar u autorizar por cualquier medio el uso, distribución, divulgación, reproducción, adaptación, traducción o transformación de la obra.
Es responsabilidad de los autores/as obtener los permisos necesarios de las imágenes que están sujetas a derechos de autor.
10.png)
ESCRITOS DE PSICOLOGÍA por 