Reactividad fisiológica periférica y actividad cerebral en las fobias específicas

Juan Pedro Sánchez Navarro; José María Martínez Selva

doi:10.24310/espsiescpsi.v3i1.13334

Autores/as

Juan Pedro Sánchez Navarro Departamento de Anatomía Humana y Psicobiología. Universidad de Murcia España
José María Martínez Selva Departamento de Anatomía Humana y Psicobiología. Universidad de Murcia España

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v3i1.13334

Palabras clave:

Fobias específicas, actividad vegetativa, reflejos defensivos, amígdala, corteza prefrontal, ínsula

Resumen

Las fobias específicas son miedos exagerados e irracionales a estímulos concretos acompañados de reacciones fisiológicas y conductuales de lucha o huida. A nivel periférico, se produce un aumento de la reactividad vegetativa y somática, como muestran distintos índices fisiológicos (frecuencia cardiaca, respuesta electrodérmica), y una potenciación de los reflejos defensivos (respuesta cardiaca de defensa o parpadeo reflejo de sobresalto). A nivel de sistema nervioso central, se ha descrito una red de estructuras cerebrales relacionadas con el procesamiento y la respuesta al estímulo fóbico. Esta red está compuesta por la amígdala, la corteza órbitofrontal, la corteza cingulada anterior y la ínsula anterior. La respuesta fóbica se caracteriza por un aumento de actividad en estas regiones, que se puede asociar con los cambios vegetativos y somáticos, la percepción subjetiva de miedo intenso y las conductas de evitación del estímulo fóbico.

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