The Melianthaceous seed and its Rhamnaceous affinity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24310/abm.v23i0.8552Keywords:
Carpology, pericarp, seed anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, Elaeagnaceae, Greyiaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Leeaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapindaceae, Vitaceae, Elaeagnales, Rhamnales, Sapindales, VitalesAbstract
The seed anatomy and morphology of Bersama (Bersamataceae) and Melianthus (Melianthaceae) have been studied in an effort to clarify their phylogenetic position. The exotestal seed coats of Bersama and Melianthus with a differentiated palisade of Malpighian cells in exotesta, dimerous raphal vascular skeleton, abundant endosperm, and small differentiated straight embryo show a resemblance with exotestal albuminous seeds of Rhamnaceae and Elaeagnaceae. Using also additional data on carpology, floral and vegetative morphology it is suggested that Bersamataceae with Melianthaceae and Rhamnaceae/Elaeagnaceae constitute a distinct relict sidebranch of exo-mesotestal rosidaceous ancestry. Evidence from seed anatomy and morphology emphasizes the anomaly of the traditional inclusion of Bersama and Melianthus in the Sapindales, since they have a distinct spermoderm structure and seed vascularization. The seed anatomy does not confirm any relationships with alternatively suggested exo-mesotestal Lardizabalaceae. The formerly suggested relationships of this clade with exotegmic Malvales are also not supported by seed anatomy. The affinity with exotegmic Celastrales which are considered as a possible connecting link between archaic exo-mesotestal Rosales and exotestal Rhamnales/Elaeagnales is also found untenable. It is suggested that both families, Bersamataceae and Melianthaceae, constituting a distinct order Melianthales, together with Rhamnaceae (Rhamnales s.str.) and Elaeagnaceae (Elaeagnales) represent advanced remanants of the massive, much branched phylum tracing back directly to Fabales, passed by specialized Rosales, Sapindales, Icacinales, and Celastrales.
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