Sobre  la generalidad de las leyes del aprendizaje

Martín E. Seligman

doi:10.24310/espsiescpsi.vi2.13427

Autores/as

Martín E. Seligman Universidad de Cornell Estados Unidos

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.vi2.13427

Palabras clave:

Leyes del aprendizaje

Resumen

Que todos los eventos son igualmente asociables y que obedecen a leyes comunes es un supuesto central en la teoría del proceso general de aprendizaje. Se define aquí un continuo de preparación ("preparedness") y se sostiene que los organismos están preparados para asociar ciertos eventos, impreparados para algunos otros y contrapreparados para otros. Una revisión de los daros de los paradigmas tradicionales del aprendizaje muestra que es falso el supuesto de la equivalente asociabilidad. En el condicionamiento clásico las ratas están preparadas para asociar sabores con enfermedad incluso tras muy largos retrasos del refuerzo, pero contrapreparadas para asociar sabores y descarga eléctrica. En el entrenamiento instrumental, las palomas aprenden a picotear una tecla en ausencia de contingencia entre el picoteo y el grano (están preparadas), mientras que los gatos, por el contrario, tienen dificultad en aprender a lamerse a ellos mismos para escapar y los perros no bostezan por obtener comida (están contrapreparados). En la discriminación, los perros están contrapreparados para aprender que diferentes ubicaciones de estímulos discriminativos controlan la respuesta «ir/ no ir» y a aprender que diferentes cualidades controlan la respuesta de dirección. En la evitación, las respuestas del repertorio defensivo natural están preparadas para evitar la descarga eléctrica, mientras que las del repertorio apetitivo están contrapreparadas. La adquisición del lenguaje y la autonomía funcional de los motivos se consideran también formando parte del continuo de preparación. Por último, se especula que las leyes mismas del aprendizaje pueden variar con la preparación del organismo para las asociaciones y que diferentes mecanismos fisiológicos y cognitivos pueden covariar con esa dimensión.

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