Language
Speaks
Reads
Writes
Spanish
YES
YES
YES
Monolingual
Second Language (L2)
Indigenous Language
YES
NO
NO
Indigenous Language
YES
YES
NO
Indigenous Language
YES
YES
YES
Bilingual (A1-B2)
In this case, people with Spanish as a Mother Tongue have mostly (INEGI) developed the
three skills, because basic education schools prioritize the use of that language.
Table 2. People with Indigenous Language as a Mother Tongue (LMLI)
Language
Speaks
Reads
Writes
Indigenous Language
YES
YES
YES
Monolingual
Indigenous Language
YES
YES
NO
Indigenous Language
YES
NO
NO
Second Language (L2)
Spanish
YES
NO
NO
Spanish
YES
YES
NO
Spanish
YES
YES
YES
Bilingual with
language skills (A1-
B2)
To
establish

these

parameters, this

section

is

based

on

criteria

established

in

the

Common
European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR): Learning, Teaching, Assessment. In lack
of a Pan-American reference framework, the European framework for classification will be used as
follows:
A1,

A2

(beginners),

B1

(intermediate),

B2

(upper

intermediate),

C1

(advanced).

We
understand that using this framework raises another issue, because its intended to evaluate Second
Language (L2) competences and
not a

mother tongue, but in

lack of a reference

framework for a
mother tongue we will take this model as a starting point.
It is a priority to establish linguistic competences parameters to carry out strategies that cover
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