Flying for Survival: The Fascinating Migration of the Monarch Butterfly

Authors

  • Ángel Navarro Fernández Estudiante
    Spain
  • Rebeca Peral Vicente
    Spain
  • Alberto Torres Lozano
    Spain

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24310/enbio.18.194.2026.20457

Keywords:

migration, monarch butterfly, sun compass, juvenile hormone

Abstract

The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is a species with global presence, with the particularity of their extensive migrations between the United States and Mexico, which can span thousands of kilometres. To orient themselves and execute migrations accurately, butterflies use the sun as a compass. This sun compass adjusts to the sun's movement throughout the day thanks to an internal biological clock located in the butterfly's antennae. While a single generation of butterflies migrate to Mexico in fall, several generations are required to complete the return trip to the United States in spring. Hormones play a crucial role in the differences between migrants. Specifically, the juvenile hormone (HJ) is mainly responsible for controlling reproductive development and adult longevity. The migratory phenomenon of the monarch butterfly confronts dangers arising from human activity, such as urbanisation and climate change. Further research on the migration of Danaus plexippus and its behaviour towards the imminent changes in their ecosystems is therefore of the utmost importance for the preservation of this species.

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Published

2026-03-21

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How to Cite

Navarro Fernández, Ángel, Peral Vicente, R., & Torres Lozano, A. (2026). Flying for Survival: The Fascinating Migration of the Monarch Butterfly. Encuentros En La Biología, 18(194), 23-26. https://doi.org/10.24310/enbio.18.194.2026.20457