iGEM as a biotechnology tool for research, innovation, and education.

Authors

  • Alonso Molina Calvo Estudiante
    Spain
  • Manuel Bernal Muñoz
    Spain
  • Carlos Rodríguez Caso
    Spain
  • Carmen Jiménez Amores
    Spain
  • Paola Morales González
    Spain
  • Patricia Zarza Moreno
    Spain
  • José María Urquizu Ruiz
    Spain
  • Piedad Valverde Guillén
    Spain

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24310/enbio.18.194.2026.19700

Keywords:

iGEM, synthetic biology, leadership, innovation, entrepreneurship

Abstract

Background. More than 8 million tons of plant waste are generated in Andalusia each year. Farmers must weigh the costs associated with disposing of these products, which is why many choose to burn this waste, thereby producing polluting byproducts from combustion. Thus, the iGEM_UMA 2022 team, with the StarchSTEM project, aims to give these plant waste materials a second life by converting them into a value-added product: starch.

Methodology. To tackle this competition, the iGEM_UMA team created an innovative organic organizational system for the iGEM competition that allows for a comprehensive and multidisciplinary view of the problem while fostering a healthy and communicative work environment; within this framework, the rotating leadership system was highly praised by iGEM and the judging panel.

Conclusions. It was concluded that it is possible to create an organism capable of producing starch from cellulose waste. Furthermore, the organic organizational system was highlighted by the judging panel as outstanding and was noted as an innovation never seen before.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abbass, K., Qasim, M. Z., Song, H., Murshed, M., Mahmood, H., & Younis, I. (2022). A review of the global climate change impacts, adaptation, and sustainable mitigation measures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(28), 42539–42559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19718-6

Abuajah, C. I., Ogbonna, A. C., Chukeze, E. J., Ikpeme, C. A., & Asogwa, K. K. (2022). A glucose oxidase peroxidase-coupled continuous assay protocol for the determination of cellulase activity in the laboratory: the Abuajah method. Analytical Biochemistry, 647, 114649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2022.114649

Aggarwal, K., Mijwil, M. M., Al-Mistarehi, A.-H., Alomari, S., Gök, M., Alaabdin, A. M. Z., & Abdulrhman, S. H. (2022). Has the future started? The current growth of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning. Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics, 3(1), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.52866/ijcsm.2022.01.01

Balyen, L., & Peto, T. (2019). Promising Artificial Intelligence-Machine Learning-Deep Learning Algorithms in Ophthalmology. Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 8(3), 264–272. https://doi.org/10.22608/APO.2018479

Benner, S. A., & Sismour, A. M. (2005). Synthetic biology. Nature reviews. Genetics, 6(7), 533–543. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1637

Cameron, D. E., Bashor, C. J., & Collins, J. J. (2014). A brief history of synthetic biology. Nature reviews. Microbiology, 12(5), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3239

Campbell-Lendrum, D., & Prüss-Ustün, A. (2019). Climate change, air pollution and noncommunicable diseases. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 97(2), 160–161. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.224295

Canton, B., Labno, A., & Endy, D. (2008). Refinement and standardization of synthetic biological parts and devices. Nature biotechnology, 26(7), 787–793. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1413

D’amato, D., & Korhonen, J. (2021). Integrating the green economy, circular economy and bioeconomy in a strategic sustainability framework. Ecological Economics, 188, 107143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107143

de Lorenzo, V., & Schmidt, M. (2018). Biological standards for the Knowledge-Based BioEconomy: What is at stake. New biotechnology, 40(Pt A), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2017.05.001

Duque-Acevedo, M., Belmonte-Ureña, L. J., Cortés-García, F. J., & Camacho, F. (2020). Agricultural waste: Review of the evolution, approaches and perspectives on alternative uses. Global Ecology and Conservation, 22, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00902

El-Atm, S. (2023). The future is multidisciplinary: Are you ready? LSJ: Law Society Journal, 4, 84–89. https://search.informit.org/doi/pdf/10.3316/informit.182051408410056

Galdzicki, M., Rodriguez, C., Chandran, D., Sauro, H. M., & Gennari, J. H. (2011). Standard biological parts knowledgebase. PloS one, 6(2), e17005. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017005

Gill, H., Ahsan, M., Khalil, Y., Feng, V., Pearce, J., Sharma, T., Radwan, M., Boucinha, A., & Kærn, M. (2022). The BioExperience Research and Entrepreneurship Challenge: An iGEM-inspired applied research program for BIOSTEM talent and skills development. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 1046723. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.1046723

Gohel, H. R., Contractor, C. N., Ghosh, S. K., & Braganza, V. J. (2014). A comparative study of various staining techniques for determination of extra cellular cellulase activity on Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) agar plates. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3(5), 261-266.

González, C. A., Bonet, C., de Pablo, M., Sanchez, M. J., Salamanca-Fernandez, E., Dorronsoro, M., Amiano, P., Huerta, J. M., Chirlaque, M. D., & Ardanaz, E. (2021). Greenhouse gases emissions from the diet and risk of death and chronic diseases in the EPIC-Spain cohort. European Journal of Public Health, 31(1), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa167

Ham, T. S., Dmytriv, Z., Plahar, H., Chen, J., Hillson, N. J., & Keasling, J. D. (2012). Design, implementation and practice of JBEI-ICE: an open source biological part registry platform and tools. Nucleic acids research, 40(18), e141. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks531

Hartikainen, S., Rintala, H., Pylväs, L., & Nokelainen, P. (2019). The Concept of Active Learning and the Measurement of Learning Outcomes: A Review of Research in Engineering Higher Education. Education Sciences, 9(4), 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9040276

Hero, L. M., & Lindfors, Eila. (2019). Students’ learning experience in a multidisciplinary innovation project. Education + Training, 6(4), 500-522. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2018-0138

Hobbie, S. E., & Grimm, N. B. (2020). Nature-based approaches to managing climate change impacts in cities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 375(1794), 20190124. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0124

Hron, M., & Obwegeser, N. (2022). Why and how is Scrum being adapted in practice: A systematic review. Journal of Systems and Software, 183, 111110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2021.111110

Hsiang, S., Oliva, P., & Walker, R. (2019). The Distribution of Environmental Damages. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 13(1), 1-165. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rey024

Jargin, S. V. (2021). Environmental damage and overpopulation: demographic aspects. J Environ Stud, 7(1), 4.

Jena, S., & Singh, R. (2022). Agricultural crop waste materials–A potential reservoir of molecules. Environmental Research, 206, 112284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112284

Jiang, J. J., Klein, G., & Chang, J. Y. T. (2019). Teamwork behaviors in implementing enterprise systems with multiple projects: Results from Chinese firms. The Journal of Systems and Software, 157, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2019.110392

Khan, S. A. R., Umar, M., Asadov, A., Tanveer, M., & Yu, Z. (2022). Technological revolution and circular economy practices: a mechanism of green economy. Sustainability, 14(8), 4524. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084524

Laakso, M., Welling, P., Bukvova, H., Nyman, L., Björk, B. C., & Hedlund, T. (2011). The development of open access journal publishing from 1993 to 2009. PloS one, 6(6), e20961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020961

Lamb, W. F., Wiedmann, T., Pongratz, J., Andrew, R., Crippa, M., Olivier, J. G., Wiedenhofer, D., Mattioli, G., Al Khourdajie, A., & House, J. (2021). A review of trends and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2018. Environmental Research Letters, 16(7), 073005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abee4e

Lopera, H. A. C., Gutiérrez-Velásquez, E., & Ballesteros, N. (2022). Bridging the gap between theory and active learning: a case study of project-based learning in introduction to materials science and engineering. IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias Del Aprendizaje, 17(2), 160–169. https://doi.org/10.1109/RITA.2022.3166862

Melece, L. (2016). Challenges and opportunities of circular economy and green economy. Engineering for rural development, 25, 1162-1169

Millett, P., Binz, T., Evans, S. W., Kuiken, T., Oye, K., Palmer, M. J., van der Vlugt, C., Yambao, K., & Yu, S. (2019). Developing a Comprehensive, Adaptive, and International Biosafety and Biosecurity Program for Advanced Biotechnology: The iGEM Experience. Applied biosafety: journal of the American Biological Safety Association, 24(2), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676019838075

Morales, L. G., Savelkoul, N. H., Robaey, Z., Claassens, N. J., Staals, R. H., & Smith, R. W. (2022). Ten simple rules for building an enthusiastic iGEM team. Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009916

Morandini, M., Coleti, T. A., Oliveira Jr, E., & Corrêa, P. L. P. (2021). Considerations about the efficiency and sufficiency of the utilization of the Scrum methodology: A survey for analyzing results for development teams. Computer Science Review, 39, 100314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosrev.2020.100314

Obi, F. O., Ugwuishigu, B. O., & Nwakaire, J. N. (2016). Agricultural waste concept, generation, utilization and management. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 35(4), 957-964. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i4.34

Parmesan, C., Morecroft, M. D., & Trisurat, Y. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability [PhD Thesis, GIEC]. https://hal.science/hal-03774939/document

Peccoud, J., Blauvelt, M. F., Cai, Y., Cooper, K. L., Crasta, O., DeLalla, E. C., Evans, C., Folkerts, O., Lyons, B. M., Mane, S. P., Shelton, R., Sweede, M. A., & Waldon, S. A. (2008). Targeted development of registries of biological parts. PloS one, 3(7), e2671. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002671

Petrović, M., & Fiket, Ž. (2022). Environmental damage caused by coal combustion residue disposal: A critical review of risk assessment methodologies. Chemosphere, 299, 134410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134410

Qamari, I. N., Ferdinand, A. T., Dwiatmadja, C., & Yuniawan, A. (2020). Transformative interaction capability: the mediating role between quality of work life and teamwork performance. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 12(2), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQSS-01-2019-0008

Rippin, H. L., Cade, J. E., Berrang-Ford, L., Benton, T. G., Hancock, N., & Greenwood, D. C. (2021). Variations in greenhouse gas emissions of individual diets: Associations between the greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient intake in the United Kingdom. Plos One, 16(11), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259418

Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2023). Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from? Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/ghg-emissions-by-sector

Ritchie, H., Roser, M., & Rosado, P. (2020). CO₂ and greenhouse gas emissions. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions

Severin, A., Egger, M., Eve, M. P., & Hürlimann, D. (2018). Discipline-specific open access publishing practices and barriers to change: an evidence-based review. F1000Research, 7, 1925. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17328.2

Sims, J.T., & Wolf, D.C. (1994). Poultry Waste Management: Agricultural and Environmental Issues. Advances in Agronomy, 52, 1-83

Smith, A. M., & Zeeman, S. C. (2006). Quantification of starch in plant tissues. Nature protocols, 1(3), 1342–1345. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.232

Strode, D., Dingsøyr, T., & Lindsjorn, Y. (2022). A teamwork effectiveness model for agile software development. Empirical Software Engineering, 27(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-10115-0

Suber, P. (2012). Open Access. The MIT Press.

Sultan, A. S., Elgharib, M. A., Tavares, T., Jessri, M., & Basile, J. R. (2020). The use of artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning in oncologic histopathology. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 49(9), 849–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.13042

Tang, TC., An, B., Huang, Y., Vasikaran, S., Wang, Y., Jiang, X., Lu, T. K., & Zhong, C. (2021). Materials design by synthetic biology. Nature Reviews Materials, 6, 332–350. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00265-w

Tian, X., Engel, B. A., Qian, H., Hua, E., Sun, S., & Wang, Y. (2021). Will reaching the maximum achievable yield potential meet future global food demand? Journal of Cleaner Production, 294, 126285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126285

Van Dijk, M., Morley, T., Rau, M. L., & Saghai, Y. (2021). A meta-analysis of projected global food demand and population at risk of hunger for the period 2010–2050. Nature Food, 2(7), 494–501. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00322-9

Warmbrod, K. L., Trotochaud, M., & Gronvall, G. K. (2020). iGEM and the Biotechnology Workforce of the Future. Health Security, 18(4), 303–309. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2020.0017

Willinsky, J. (2006). The Case for Open Access to Research and Scholarship. The MIT Press.

Woschank, M., Rauch, E., & Zsifkovits, H. (2020). A review of further directions for artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in smart logistics. Sustainability, 12(9), 3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093760

Zhao, H., Chang, J., Havlik, P., van Dijk, M., Valin, H., Janssens, C., Ma, L., Bai, Z., Herrero, M., & Smith, P. (2021). The environmental challenge and trade implications of China’s future food demand. https://doi.org/10.22022/ibf/08-2021.126

Downloads

Published

2026-03-21

Dimensions

PlumX

Citations

Issue

Section

Jóvenes Científicos

How to Cite

Molina Calvo, A., Bernal Muñoz, M., Rodríguez Caso, C., Jiménez Amores, C., Morales González, P., Zarza Moreno, P., Urquizu Ruiz, J. M., & Valverde Guillén, P. (2026). iGEM as a biotechnology tool for research, innovation, and education. Encuentros En La Biología, 18(194), 6-13. https://doi.org/10.24310/enbio.18.194.2026.19700