WPS Review International on Sustainable Housing and Urban Renewal
The WPS--RISHUR aims to disseminate results regarding a multidisciplinary approach and International regarding the topic of Housing, sustainability, and urban renewal in relation to urban planning in a comparative approach. This is a Scientific and Academic Journal that aims to promote the academic debate on areas of urban planning, and land use policy from a multidisciplinary perspective. Especially focussed in Administrative Law, Urban Law, Urban planning, Housing Law, Environmental Law, Architecture, Geography, Urban Sociology, and Publica Policy.
El autor/es de cada artículo publicado en esta revista es/son el/los único/s responsable/s por el contenido de los mismos; la publicación de un artículo no constituirá o se considerará que constituye ninguna responsabilidad por los editores, que los datos presentados en el mismo son correctos o suficientes para respaldar las conclusiones o que el diseño de experimentos o metodología es adecuada. Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional.
URBAN TRANSFORMATION MANAGEMENT UNDER NEW REGULATORY PREMISES AND SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS
Presentation of Issue No. 14 on the Review of Contributions Received for the Monograph “Urban Issues in a Post-Pandemic World.”
Copyright (c) 2025 María Luisa Gómez Jiménez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
MODELS OF ELDERLY CARE RESIDENCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN SPAIN
This work is configured as a case study, focused on the analysis of initiatives aimed at improving the energy efficiency of residential centers for the elderly, encouraging these facilities to progressively adopt sustainable management models that have a positive impact not only on energy savings and in the consequent benefit for the environment, but also in increasing the well-being of the users of the residences. The concept of sustainability that underlies this work implies, on the one hand, that the care of the environment in which we operate must be attended to and given the importance required, which will produce, on the other hand, a beneficial effect for the whole of the society. The elderly population is a sector that is very sensitive to environmental deterioration and, therefore, the living environments of the elderly must be planned and managed from a sustainability perspective. This will result in greater well-being and quality of life. And, in this objective, social work is called to play a relevant role.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arturo Cosano Ramos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF SOCIOECONOMIC, SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC, AND HOUSING CONDITIONS IN SPAIN IN THE FACE OF THE CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change projects future scenarios that negatively impact the health, well-being, and safety of the population. Using tools provided by the Urban Vulnerability Observatory and the National Statistics Institute, along with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), this study evaluates the vulnerability of housing in Spain to anticipated adverse climatic effects. It identifies the most affected areas and the factors contributing to this fragility. The results indicate that southern, southeastern, and western regions of Spain exhibit greater vulnerability due to factors such as low economic capacity, job instability, and poorly maintained housing. In contrast, the northeast and central regions show lower vulnerability, supported by better socioeconomic conditions and higher resilience of both the population and housing infrastructure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana de la fuente Roselló https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE NEED FOR THE ENACTMENT OF A NATIONAL UNIFYING REGULATION ON PORT LAW INSTITUTIONS IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
This paper examines the need for the enactment of a national regulation to unify the various port law institutions in the Argentine Republic. Since the enactment of Law No. 24,093 on Port Activities, a process of normative dispersion has emerged among the country’s ports, resulting in heterogeneous legal frameworks that hinder coherence within the national port system. Considering that constitutional frameworks form the foundation of legal regimes in port matters, the study provides a brief overview of the Argentine constitutional system and the clauses that guide the distribution of powers in this field. It concludes that the establishment of a national unifying regulation is essential to restore legal harmony and ensure the efficient and coordinated functioning of Argentina’s port system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manuel Estepa Montero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
At the beginning of the 21st century, Spain faces the great challenge of implementing new formulas for spatio-temporal flexibility. This paper summarises the empirical evidence supporting the double benefit of labour flexibility (organisations and workers) in European countries. On the one hand, organisations find an opportunity to stimulate their labour productivity, as well as to reduce costs in a broad sense. On the other hand, employees gain in terms of time management and work-life balance. In addition, the COVID-19 "natural experiment" has contributed to the promotion of teleworking (a driver of flexibility) with particularly positive results in terms of labour productivity. Despite this, the EWCS (Eurofound) data show a predominant lack of flexible working hours in southern European countries (particularly in Spain) compared to the north, as well as the link between the development of flexible formulas and labour productivity. Finally, our conclusions point out that in order to achieve the implementation of this win-win model (organisational and worker gains), Spain must overcome significant cultural resistance (presentist tradition and rigid schedule), promote the relevant agreements from our institutions, as well as the appropriate technological training of its workforces.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alberto Vallejo Peña, Arturo Cosano Ramos, Marta Ortega Gaspar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT PUBLIC POLICY ON MARITIME-RAIL INTERMODALITY
A detailed analysis of the current government policy in relation to the promotion of maritime-rail intermodality is addressed. The study addresses the issue from a global approach, typical of the Science of Administration, trying to expose what are the possibilities offered by the development of the railway for the entire port system and the Spanish economy in the perspective of its connection with the rest of Europe and its link with the main routes of international maritime traffic; as well as for the decarbonisation of our transport system and the fight against climate change within the SDGs of the UN General Assembly's 2030 Agenda. It is a matter of identifying in a schematic way, how the actions designed and in execution are carried out within the classic scheme of creation, formulation, implementation and evaluation of a public policy maintained by the most prominent authors of scientific doctrine.
Maritime-rail intermodality; combating climate change; and sustainable development goals (SDGs); and public policy analysis.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
COVID-19 CRISIS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GRANT OF PUBLIC PORT DOMAIN: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR IMPROVEMENT (BETTER REGULATION)
The regulation within the realm of the public port domain has assumed heightened significance, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we succinctly encapsulate the pivotal conclusions stemming from a comprehensive analysis of this regulatory sphere, with a distinct emphasis on the imperative of applying the tenets of better regulation alongside its requisite tools and indicators. Foremost among these conclusions is the imperative to integrate the principles of better regulation into the regulatory framework governing the public port domain. This integration ought to encompass comprehensive stakeholder participation, rigorous regulatory impact assessments (RIA), and meticulous ex-post evaluations. The exigencies laid bare by the COVID-19 crisis have unequivocally underscored the necessity for reforms, both of a transitory and structural nature. It is studied the need to apply better regulation principles within the public port domain, with an unwavering focus on elevating the standards of regulation for the betterment of society and the environment, in addition to ensuring economic viability. The COVID-19 pandemic has undeniably accentuated the relevance of addressing these challenges comprehensively and in alignment with the overarching public interest.
Better regulation, port public domain, Covid-19, concession, port legislation
NEW CHALLENGE OF COMPETITION LAW IN THE MARITIME PORT SECTOR
In the field of international maritime trade, the new events and realities of the 1990s, such as the process of globalization of the economy and trade, as well as the consolidation of the European internal market and the development of a common transport policy planned from the concept of multimodal transport, have experienced enormous acceleration. This evolution in the commercial port context entails the need to adapt the regulation in order to adequately respond to the challenges posed by this new context. In the present work the main keys to which European and Spanish Law must adapt will be exposed, making special reference to competition: both between operators, through maritime conferences and consortiums; and between ports, through the establishment of bonuses and differentiated correction coefficients.
Port maritime law, inter-port competition, bonuses, correction coefficients, consortia.
THE SPANISH PORT SYSTEM UNDER EXAMINATION, UNDER THE PREMISES OF BLUE DEVELOPMENT
Blue Development connects our perception of the environment by taking a step forward, by linking not only terrestrial ecosystems but also marine ecosystems and seeking not to break the systemic balance that man in his activities skews and law studies limitedly in the rigorous disciplinary projections. This volume addresses an examination of blue development focused on the Spanish port system and does so paying attention to issues related to Spanish Administrative Law, with a debate of interest and the presentation of proposals for action that aims to highlight and pay tribute to the important management of Spanish ports.
Maritime Public Domain: Blue Development, Port System, Domanial Concessions; Interoperability.
THE PUBLIC DOMAIN AND THE PORT THEORY. KEYS OF A REGULATORY MODEL
The port public domain has traditionally been perceived, from the dogma of administrative law, as a singular case of artificial demanio, which departs from the public domain in general, and in particular, from the maritime-terrestrial domain in its nature, functions and regulatory regime, as well as in its greater propensity to open up to economic exploitation. However, the progressive reforms both in the port public domain and even in the maritime-terrestrial domain, seem to suggest that the demanial model of liberalization expands from the port sector to the coasts. This is surprising, because it reverses the typical trend of influence between the two sectors. In this study we consider the problem of the nature of the port domain and its relationship with the maritime-terrestrial public domain, maintaining the thesis that, indeed, the former can be an enriching influence for the latter.
Port public domain, maritime-terrestrial public domain, natural demanio, administrative concessions, liberalization.
Energy geo-characterization of cordobese housing.
In a context of increasing occupation of cities, where Climate Change accelerates this process due to numerous habitat alterations, the first must develop a special resilience to guarantee human survival and well-being. Among other effects, there is an increase in extreme episodes such as heat waves, which affect different cities unevenly, as well as their population, which also adapts differently. In the case of Córdoba, an increase in temperature is expected in the highest IPCC scenarios. Given this, housing, presented as a protective factor for the health and well-being of people, has to adapt, fulfilling its protective function against external weather changes. That is why an approximation of the energy characterization of cordobese homes is addressed using the information available on their energy rating, grouped into georeferenced approximation clusters. The results show a most very poor rating, also related to urban development, and mainly on the north-south axis. This suggests the need for more in-depth transdisciplinary studies, with socioeconomic and other indicators from the municipality, which help to develop more realistic, accurate and probably less costly local responses, in the face of not very optimistic scenarios.
Copyright (c) 2022 Teresa Cuerdo Vilches, Miguel Ángel Navas Martín
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTS GOALS IN GOALS IN THE RESILIENCE ERA IN THE LIGHT OF THE NEW CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
This special issue deals with the study on resilience, climate change and SDG from a practical and theoretical perspective. Here you will find the study on community resilience and its connection from a practical perspective with the exam of inclusive cities, to focus in specifical case studies. The issue involves an interdisciplinary approach and includes an overview of policies developed within the year 2021-2022, as a unique monographic number of the journal.
Copyright (c) 2022 María Luisa Gómez Jiménez
Neuro-urbanism and urban regeneration for the design of accessible public spaces for an inclusive city
The current urban context is defined by a fast aging society that struggles to implement a gender perspective, to become a Smart city, to overcome the touristification of its historic centers and to adapt to gentrification processes in a global context of Goals of the Sustainable Development and implementation of the criteria to achieve inclusive and resilient cities of the New Urban Agenda 2030 and the Spanish Urban Agenda. Faceing that, Spanish urban and rural municipalities need to answer through their public spaces for coexistence, in an accessible and sustainable manner, to the independent living needs of citizens with and without disabilities, the elderly and children, as well as situations that lead to dependency, currently growing. And, all of this, at a time when urban regeneration plays an important role in city policies, as well as the treatment of reasonable adjustments in built, heritage and particularly difficult topographical environments.
Community resilience in rural areas. Partner for sustainability.
Global changes arise to society as a whole. However, the vitality and sustainability of certain geographical spaces have been particularly adversely affected. In rural areas, even survival has been at stake. To reduce the risks and vulnerabilities that occur in these contexts, a comprehensive, cooperative and complementary vision must be provided among all the key actors. In order to achieve sustainable rural communities, it is necessary, among other issues, to delve into their policies and consider them as full-fledged entities. The knowledge of those living in these regions, their background, their participation and their decision-making power over what competes with them should be appreciated. In this way, community resilience appears as an opportunity for evolution towards social justice. For this reason, the professionals who carry out their work in these rural communities, especially those who work as social practitioners, must provide a resilient approach in their analysis and actions. They must commit to a comprehensive approach, participatory, empowering and able to restructure from the bottom up when necessary: ??a transformative approach.
Copyright (c) 2022 Ana Laura López Carlassare, María de las Olas Palma García
The western Costa del Sol in the era of anthropocene
The Anthropocene can be considered a new stage in the Earth's geological history. It started with the great acceleration in human activity in the mid-twentieth century and it is characterized “by global and synchronous modification of natural systems by human action”. This global change of the planet has its best-known component in climate change, Its impacts are especially worrying on the Mediterranean coast, where it is possible to register its effects earlier. Searching for strategies to prevent and face the effects of these changes of which the human being is the main causal agent, In this research, system thinking is used, the socioecosystem is adopted as a new model to interpret this coastal area, in our proposal it is embodied in the Western Costa del Sol (hereinafter CSO). [1] https://dle.rae.es/antropoceno
Thinking of our elders, building an adapted and habitable city
The limitations of access to decent and adequate housing for the elderly
The 2018-2021 State Housing Plan includes, among others, the aid program for promoting the construction of housing for elderly people. Considering its current regulation and the management of aids by the Autonomous Regions, we find some limitations that prevent this program from achieving greater effectiveness. There are also some limitations derived from the concept of decent and adequate housing, and from the urban regulation that has a close relationship with the right to decent and adequate housing, as it generates land for social housing.
Copyright (c) 2022 María Lidón Lara Ortiz
The subjective dimension of the right to housing of people with access difficulties in the free market and its realization through a public housing stock
The traditional configuration of the right to housing as a mere guiding principle is being called into question both by the reality of the demand for a new public housing policy that guarantees access to housing for an increasing number of people who cannot acquire it on the free market, and by the regulatory specification, both by the different Agendas (Agenda 2030, Spanish Urban Agenda), and by the housing laws of those Autonomous Communities with greater sensitivity (and financial capacity), as well as by the Draft Law on the Right to Housing. This new conception as a subjective right requires determining both its objective facet, aimed at expanding the public rental housing market, and its subjective facet, which goes beyond simple technical criteria linked to a number of m2 per person.
Copyright (c) 2022 Juan Antonio Chinchilla Peinado
Residential strategies to tackle population ageing in Spain
Spain is currently one of the countries with the most ageing population in the world. In socio-demographic terms, we have become part of what is known as an ageing Europe. Our high life expectancy and falling birth rate have led us to this scenario, without any prospect of this trend changing in the short term. The relatively short time in which this take-off has taken place means that we now have to undertake intensive planning to correct specific social imbalances. Among the problems identified, the difficulties in the adaptation of housing for the elderly stand out, which will imply a commitment to effective residential strategies. The aim of this paper is to address the main needs and social problems in the field of housing for the elderly in Spain, as well as the main residential strategies that are emerging to address these circumstances. The aim is to compile the main contributions of the literature on these issues, thus generating a tool that will allow us to support the subsequent methodological suggestions to be applied within the Project “Proposals and innovative parameters of Compliance applied to home automation and accreditation of the adequacy of homes for the elderly in Andalusia”, referred below. The article, therefore, concludes by synthesising the theoretical foundations that such antecedents place as pillars and drivers of the rest of the project's actions, as well as the indication of the research techniques to be applied in the following stages.
Copyright (c) 2022 Alberto Vallejo Peña, Valeria Ruiz Lorenzo
Satisfaction indicators and occupation habits of spanish elders in their housing during the Covid-19 confinement
The coronavirus pandemic has led countries to confine the population to minimize the impact of COVID-19. This measure has meant that households permanently and continuously shared the domestic space, during the validity period of the public health measure. The way of living the experience has been very different according to the socioeconomic characteristics of the population, as well as the composition of the household, affecting the way of adapting their habits, routines and occupations. For older people, particular circumstances, such as the greater tendency to live in solitude, or the work situation, has conditioned the way of experiencing this situation. The findings show a certain status and stability, which affects different areas of life. This was reflected in the qualities and satisfaction with the home, in certain maintenance of habits and routines, and in general caution when going outside.
Towards a necessary adaptation of the cities of the future in response to the increasingly evident aging of the population
For years and with increasing intensity, a double phenomenon has been taking place. On the one hand, a galloping and irreversible aging of the world population, and, on the other hand, parallel to it, an increasingly pronounced settlement of said population group in the urban area. The convergence of such circumstances requires that cities cannot remain impassive and must adapt their infrastructures, endowments, equipment and spaces, as well as their public services, to the increasing number of older people who reside in them. In this effort, it is a priority that they end up becoming friendly cities for the elderly and, in the same way, implement, increasingly, healthy buildings.
Copyright (c) 2022 Fernando García-Moreno Rodríguez
De la edificación sostenible a la ejecución hipotecaria: Comenzando una nueva etapa en WPS RISHUR
Copyright (c) 2020 WPS Review International on Sustainable Housing and Urban Renewal
Catálogo de Metodologías para la Evaluación de la edificación Sostenible
La insostenibilidad del modelo actual de producción-consumo, unido a una creciente demanda de energía en todo el mundo ha derivado en un importante incremento de los impactos ambientales, como producción de residuos, contaminación de aguas, agotamiento de la capa de ozono y acidificación, junto al agotamiento de los recursos naturales y efectos sobre el clima, entre otros. Una de los principales sectores de aceleración del cambio climático y el agotamiento de recursos naturales es la industria de la construcción, que causa una importante carga ambiental a lo largo de su ciclo de vida (ACV) y que varía considerablemente en función del tipo de edificio y su ubicación. Toda esta problemática ha llevado a autoridades, organizaciones, profesionales y ciudadanos, a apostar por una industria de la construcción sostenible, con la finalidad de abordar los problemas ambientales y de salud que surgen de los edificios, reducir los impactos del sector en el medio ambiente natural, así como en las personas y las huellas ambientales del entorno construido; bajo las tres dimensiones, ambiental, social y económica, que constituyen el marco de referencia de la filosofía del desarrollo sostenible. En los últimos años se ha multiplicado exponencialmente el desarrollo de metodologías que permiten la evaluación de los edificios desde el punto de vista ambiental. Estos métodos podrían clasificarse en tres grandes grupos atendiendo a sus características, esquemas y objetivos comunes: sistemas de evaluación; estándares, y herramientas de evaluación ambiental; así como Level(s), el primer instrumento de este tipo desarrollado para su uso en toda Europa que permitirá establecer un nuevo marco de la UE para la sostenibilidad de los edificios. En consecuencia, el objetivo de este trabajo es la clasificación de las diferentes metodologías en tipologías o grupos, así como la redacción de un catálogo de las mismas. En este análisis se incluirá, además, la metodología más reciente, Level(s), no estudiada hasta el momento, lo que permitirá estudiar y graduar los diferentes impactos ambientales en los que se centran cada uno de estos grupos de metodologías y Level(s).
Copyright (c) 2020 Carmen Díaz, Manuel Carpio, María Martín, Montserrat Zamorano
Public Fotovoltaic Lighthing : Technical and Socio Economicy Assesment
This research analyses, based on different criteria, the viability of projects consisting of public street lighting installations powered by photovoltaic solar energy. First, an analysis of the existing technological capacity in this market for photovoltaics (PV) street lighting is generated. Later, the requirements, work, problems and costs identified are studied for two possible options to renew an aerial grid public lighting installation: channelling the electrical wiring or installing new autonomous LED PV luminaires to cover the regulatory requirements. This comparison is contextualized in the context of a study case located in a municipality with a population of approximately 5,000 habitants in the Island of Lanzarote (Las Palmas, Spain) The paper is completed presenting a statistical study that assesses the social acceptance of Spanish citizens of this type of technology in urban environments, from the aspects of improving urban sustainability, operational safety, visual impact and perception of risk of vandalism.
Copyright (c) 2021 Alfonso Gago-Calderón
Data fusion for the planning of sustainable urban services
The planning and management of sustainable cities requires understanding the behavioural patterns of the population: transport planning and operation requires accurate, reliable and updated travel demand information; the definition of effective strategies to mitigate the exposure to air pollutants needs information on the spatio- temporal distribution of the population along the day; tourist’s activity and mobility patterns are essential to design a sustainable touristic offer. Traditional data collection methods, such as household travel surveys, provide rich travel and demographic data, but they also suffer from shortcomings: they depend on users’ willingness to answer, people may provide incorrect or imprecise answers, and they are expensive and require months to complete, which limits the size of the sample and the frequency with which information is updated. New digital data sources make it possible to complement and/or replace traditional travel surveys, overcoming some of their main limitations. In particular, mobile phone records can give access to a sample that is usually at least one order of magnitude higher than the one provided by traditional sources, and that is also well distributed across the different socioeconomic segments, given the high penetration of mobile phone services. Additionally, the high temporal granularity of mobile phone data allows us to determine in detail the location of the device along the day and their spatial resolution is in general suitable to study population’s behaviour at urban and metropolitan scale. This contribution focuses on the analysis of anonymised mobile phone data and their fusion with other data sources to provide information on population’s activity and mobility. We discuss the need to enrich the information obtained from mobile telephone data with different data sources and we described the methodology followed in three use cases: the study of mobility, including public transport mobility, in the city of Málaga using mobile phone data and intelligent transport card data; the study of population exposure to air pollutants in the city of Madrid using dynamic population maps and an air pollutants dispersion model; and the characterisation of the visitors to the Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama using mobile phone data and people counts.
Copyright (c) 2022 Miguel Picornell, Ricardo Herranz, Manuel Álvarez, Iris Galloso
Cooperative social driving in smart cities
Most of the world population lives in urban areas, and it is expected that the number of inhabitants in cities will be 75% of the world's population by 2050. Thus, a wide range of challenges have to be faced by the different city stakeholders in order to mitigate the negative effects of a very fast growth of such urban areas. One of the main concerns in modern cities is mobility. The vast increment in the volume of urban road traffic experienced during the last decades causes serious issues that have be confronted with new tools. Traffic jams bother the daily life of the population, mainly because traffic congestion causes longer trip times and a larger associated pollution, not to mention the economic losses due to delays and other transport problems. Thus, great efforts are being made to develop Smart Mobility solutions. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are based on the spontaneous creation of a wireless network for data exchange between vehicles, mainly. Wireless networking technologies are used in VANETs, including short range radio and cellular. These communication networks are leading the automotive industry today, as they have led to the emergence of the connected vehicle and the Social Cooperative Driving (CSD). CSD allow drivers and vehicles to access different data sources in order to increase the knowledge about the current road traffic status. Besides, other types of infotainment services and applications can be deployed using VANETs. File transferring is always an essential service in VANETs since their ultimate purpose is the exchange of information among the nodes. Thus, it is desirable to optimize the file transferring protocol to provide the applications with the best service possible. One of the ways to get such an efficient protocols is to better fit their configuration parameters to the VANETs specifications. This study proposes the application of Computational Intelligence to obtain automatically optimal protocol configurations for vehicular environments. The main idea is to define the protocol configuration as an optimization problem and address it by using intelligent tools, such as metaheuristics, and a realistic simulation procedure to evaluate the obtained solutions. In this work, we have carried out a real world testbed at streets of Málaga in order to study the performance of the analyzed file transfer protocol by exchanging information between cars in a real urban. These experiments have confirmed the efficiency of configuring VANET nodes with protocols improved by applying our methodology.
Copyright (c) 2022 Jamal Toitouh El Alamin
New model of smart underground transformation center, adapted to smart cities and climate change
Smart grids face the challenge of having an intelligent node that allows the management of distribution network. This one can not be other than transformer stations, as an energetic node where high voltage grid get to, and where distribution grid come out in low voltage for consumers, and as a node in the communications architecture, necessary for the intelligent control of the network. It should be noted that it is important that these energy and communication nodes achieve greater reliability, security and a better continuity of supply in case of catastrophes (floods, fires, earthquakes,...). It can not be forgotten that in these emergency situations, getting the distribution grid working is essential to be able to supply critical services, such as communications, hospitals, pumping systems, ... helping to create what is called "resilient cities". It is also important to consider that the location of new transformer stations in consolidated urban centres is increasingly difficult. This effect will be accentuated even more if the incorporation of the electric vehicle as a usual means of urban mobility is taken into account, since this will mean an increase in the installed power of the distribution grid. A new model of underground smart transformer station is proposed, which, with an innovative design, is capable of solving these problems. The proposed model has a cylindrical metallic envelope, giving it a greater resistance to external forces while keeping its watertightness against floods and forces characteristic of seismic movements. Within the inside, all the switchgear is available, with motorized drives. It will have protection relays and sensors to control parameters. All the system is managed by a control unit which is located in a tight and resistant exterior box. From this control unit, all the elements can be managed, checking the connection status of each one and knowing the operating parameters of the equipment. Also, the control unit will enable to store a data history of performed operations and granted accesses by big data and Cloud Computing technologies. The system will also allow the possibility of a remote management from a control station or through an APP (application) system for mobile devices, allowing the incorporation of this equipment in another intelligent integrated one or smart grids. In addition, it will allow a better maintenance management and a more efficient operation of the network. With the purpose of solving the heat evacuation of the transformer tank, the conventional fin design of the tank is modified by a new design based on installing exchangers on the outside and by means of collectors in the tank that will allow the refrigerant oil to circulate with a pump. In order to make the station invisible, this exchanger will be installed replacing part of the curb on the sidewalk. In this way, the station is totally sealed and resistant to any type of flood or tsunami. In addition, this cooling system, more efficient, and an envelope without openings, will increase durability of components and their useful life. It is hereby concluded that the use of this innovative transformer station model will make electrical infrastructures of cities more resistant and operational, enabling them to face the great challenges of the future brought by the digital revolution, electric vehicles and climate change.
Copyright (c) 2022 Inés Aragüez del Corral, Moisés Garrido Martín, Montajes Eléctricos Cuerva S.L
Moreno Trapiella, P.C. Foreclosure. TJUE jurisprudence on abusive clauses
La Unión Europea siempre ha tenido como objetivo la armonización del Derecho de los diferentes países miembros, e incluso se ha llegado a plantear la posibilidad de elaborar un código europeo común de derecho privado y si bien estamos lejos de alcanzar esos objetivos, e incluso aparecen movimientos en algunas regiones que pretenden desmembrar aún más el Derecho civil nacional. Pero afortunadamente la existencia de una estructura judicial propia en la Unión Europea y el reconocimiento de la prevalencia del Derecho europeo sobre el nacional que conlleva a la necesaria compatibilidad de sus normas con las emanadas de la Unión, constituye un avance que esperemos no tenga vuelta atrás. Para ello se introdujo en el artículo 267 del Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea (TFUE) (1), la denominada cuestión prejudicial europea, conforme a la cual, si en el momento de aplicar una norma nacional hubiese dudas sobre su adaptación a otra norma de la Unión, podrá el Juez nacional plantear al Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea la cuestión. Por otro lado, con la finalidad de proteger a los consumidores se dictó la Directiva 93/13/CEE del Consejo de 5 de abril de 1.993, relativa a cláusulas abusivas en contratos celebrados con consumidores. Con estos mimbres y a principio de esta década es, que comienzan a plantearse por diversos jueces y tribunales diferentes cuestiones prejudiciales europeas planteando la compatibilidad de la normativa nacional, especialmente en el ámbito del contrato de hipoteca por parte de los consumidores con la mencionada directiva.
Copyright (c) 2022 Patricio Arribas y Atienza
EDUSI IN THE CONTEXT OF URBAN REGENERATION POLICIES IN SPAIN (1994-2018)
In the early 1990s, the intervention on the existing city began to move away from mere physical transformation towards a more integrated approach, which put in relation this transformation with the social, economic and environmental dimensions of urban development. The launching of the URBAN Community Initiative (1994-1999) evidences this evolution at EU level, since it promoted an integrated urban regeneration method based on a multidimensional, strategic and participatory approach. The influence of URBAN-on the urban regeneration frameworks of the Member States has been recognized by the literature. In the Spanish case, it introduced a different way of addressing the problems of urban degradation that would continue in the URBAN II programmes (2000-2006), the URBANA Initiative (2007-2013) and, in during the period 2014-2020, in the so-called Integrated Sustainable Urban Development Strategies (EDUSI). This paper makes a review of the period 1994-2018 in order to identify the influences and relationships between the political framework and the aforementioned instruments, to understand the evolution that has given rise to the EDUSI. The analysis will deliver knowledge aimed to progress in the field of urban regeneration and to reflect about the Spanish Urban Agenda that the Ministry of Public Works is currently developing.
Integrated Sustainable Urban Development Strategies EDUSI
Copyright (c) 2021 Sonia de Gregorio Hurtado, Moneyba González Medina
THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN MODELS IN IBERO-AMERICA FROM A PRISM OF SUSTAINABILITY
This work is an introduction to the effects of sustainability in the Ibero-American urban planning legal system, starting from the comparative analysis of four countries: Spain as the first regulatory country from the legal point of view of urban planning in this field, already from the laws of the Indies and the 1956 Land Law; Colombia as a country with a developed but not "European" legal-urban system; the Dominican Republic whose constitutional provisions have not yet been embodied in a specific Law on the matter; and Uruguay with a recent legislation that is impregnated with the funds of sustainability. .
Copyright (c) 2021 Fernando García Rubio