Journal of Physical Education and Human Movement
JPEHM aims to be a journal promoted by an international team of university professors and researchers, The journal will publish biannually original scientific articles, case studies and research reviews in the areas of Physical Education and human motor skills. JPEHM is indexed in the following databases:: Aura, Dialnet, Latindex, DOAJ, Erih Plus, REDIB, Scientific Indexing Service (SIS), Catálogo Biblioteca Nacional Española (BNC), Livre, Dulcinea, SJIFactor - Scientific Journal Impact Factor, Citrevistas, CiteFactor Impact factor Evaluated in: Latindex 2023 (in its V2.0 catalog since 2019): 35/38 SJIF Journal Rank 2023 = 5.755 (Scientific Journal Impact Factor Value for 2023)
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The influence of strength and endurance training in children with cerebral palsy. A systematic review
Introduction: Cerebral palsy is a chronic, non-progressive neuromotor disorder that affects motor control, ambulatory capacity, and participation in activities of daily living in the pediatric population. Therapeutic physical activity is considered a relevant intervention to improve functional outcomes in this population. Objective: To identify, evaluate, and synthesize the available scientific evidence on the effectiveness of strength and/or resistance training in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed and Google Scholar between December 2023 and March 2024. Randomized controlled trials published in English and Spanish that evaluated strength and/or resistance training interventions in the pediatric population with cerebral palsy were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Results: Five randomized controlled trials were included. The results were heterogeneous, with improvements observed in some gait parameters, isometric and functional strength, and gross motor function; however, effects were not consistent across studies. Discussion: The findings suggest a potential benefit of strength and/or resistance training; however, variability in intervention protocols, small sample sizes, and diversity of assessment tools limit comparability. Conclusions: Strength and/or resistance training may provide benefits in strength and gait-related functional variables in individuals with cerebral palsy; however, further randomized controlled trials with standardized protocols and individualized exercise prescription are required to maximize outcomes and ensure safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ángel Carmona Sedeño, José López Aguilar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effects of incorporating virtual reality into fall prevention and rehabilitation programs
Background: Population aging is an irreversible phenomenon that is increasing globally, leading to a rise in the population over 60 years of age. This increase presents challenges such as an elevated risk of falls, frailty, and dependency, directly impacting quality of life and public health systems. Objective: This study was to analyse literature regarding virtual reality and fall risk in older adults. Methodology: A search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL Complete, and SPORTDiscus, selecting articles published in the last five years, in English, with full-text access. Studies on virtual reality programs in older adults at risk of falls were included, prioritizing experimental designs with outcomes related to balance, functional mobility, physical function, and cognitive function. Results: Eight clinical trials were reviewed, which generally showed that virtual reality interventions improved performance in tests such as the Timed Up-and-Go, the Falls Efficacy Scale, and the Berg Balance Scale. Some studies also reported additional benefits in physical and cognitive function compared with traditional interventions. Conclusions: Virtual reality programs may contribute to reducing fall risk in the older population. VR interventions demonstrated significant improvements in balance, physical function, and cognitive function indicators compared to traditional interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Álvaro Utrera Escalona, José López Aguilar, Jaime Rodríguez Guerrero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Levels of attention and motor coordination in university students at the State Polytechnic University of Carchi
Introduction: The study aimed to analyze the relationship between attention levels and motor coordination in university students from the Physical Activity Sciences and Nursing programs at the Universidad Politécnica Estatal del Carchi. Method and sample: A quantitative, descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional design was applied with a sample of 72 students aged 18 to 28. The d2 Attention Test and the 3JS Motor Coordination Test were used as assessment instruments. Data were processed through descriptive statistics and Spearman’s Rho correlation. Discussion and results:Results indicated predominantly medium levels in selective attention, sustained attention, and motor coordination. Significant positive correlations were found between both attentional dimensions and overall motor coordination (p < 0.01), as well as between global attention and motor performance. Conclusion: It is concluded that attentional capacity and motor coordination share interdependent functional mechanisms, confirming their association in university populations and highlighting the need to promote educational strategies that integrate cognitive and motor stimulation.
Copyright (c) 2025 ANDY CORAL https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Introduction: the aim of the present research project was the analysis of motor coordination taking age and gender as study variables. The coordinative variables measured are classified according to the motor area to which they belong, including locomotor coordination and object control (hand-eye and eye-eye-podal). Method and sample: the study includes the results of a sample of 235 pupils aged 6-11 years, selected by means of a non-probabilistic sampling technique without randomisation, more specifically, 51.9% (122) represent the population of boys and 48.1% (113) of girls. Regarding anthropometric values, a BMI of 19.03 ± 3.81 is observed, where weight results in an average of 35.63 kg ± 12.4 and height in 1.36 m ± 0.14. This study was carried out in a public school in Rincón de la Victoria, CEIP María del Mar Romera. Discussion and results: in terms of the discussion, we find differences that, as the maturation process progress, increase between pupils aged 6-7 years and those aged 10-11 years, finding effect sizes of 0.54 and 0.65 in CL and 0.51 and 0.7 in CCO respectively. Conclusion: however, in conclusion, although the differences by gender at ages 6-7 years are only observed in the CCOM (0.29) and CCOP (0.26), which is not a significant effect size, at ages 10-11 years we found more accentuated differences in the same tests, obtaining 0.55 and 0.52, that is, large effect sizes, concluding that boys have better performance in these tests
Introduction: the aim of the present research project was the analysis of motor coordination taking age and gender as study variables. The coordinative variables measured are classified according to the motor area to which they belong, including locomotor coordination and object control (hand-eye and eye-eye-podal). Method and sample: the study includes the results of a sample of 235 pupils aged 6-11 years, selected by means of a non-probabilistic sampling technique without randomisation, more specifically, 51.9% (122) represent the population of boys and 48.1% (113) of girls. Regarding anthropometric values, a BMI of 19.03 ± 3.81 is observed, where weight results in an average of 35.63 kg ± 12.4 and height in 1.36 m ± 0.14. This study was carried out in a public school in Rincón de la Victoria, CEIP María del Mar Romera. Discussion and results: in terms of the discussion, we find differences that, as the maturation process progress, increase between pupils aged 6-7 years and those aged 10-11 years, finding effect sizes of 0.54 and 0.65 in CL and 0.51 and 0.7 in CCO respectively. Conclusion: however, in conclusion, although the differences by gender at ages 6-7 years are only observed in the CCOM (0.29) and CCOP (0.26), which is not a significant effect size, at ages 10-11 years we found more accentuated differences in the same tests, obtaining 0.55 and 0.52, that is, large effect sizes, concluding that boys have better performance in these tests.
Copyright (c) 2025 José Diego Valle Jiménez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Promotion of top performing athletes in both sporting and academic domains
Introduction: The successful support of talented young athletes is largely characterised by talent scouting, talent retention and optimal talent development. Success must be measured longitudinally in order to demonstrate long-term success. This illustrates the considerable impact of a robust school structure, which is fundamental to sporting success, particularly within the framework of Elite Schools of Sport (EdS). Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the extent to which self-competence is evolving and to provide insights into whether motives are developing in a distinct manner. Methodology: For this purpose, 15 athletes were interviewed at two different points in their education: at time t1, when they were still attending primary school, and at time t2, when they were pupils at an EdS. The SSIK-3 was used to record self-regulation competences, and the OMT to record implicit motives. Results: It is important to note that stress-related items show an increased level of expression after entry into the EdS (mean t1=2.14, mean t2=2.33, p=.396), with self-regulation (p=.070, r=0.48) and self-access decreasing (p=.076, r=0.47). When the correlations between the stress-related scales and the self-competence scales are taken into account, a strong negative correlation with stress becomes apparent, particularly in the areas of volitional behaviour (rt1=-638, p<.005) and self-approach (rt1=-.834, p<.001). Conclusions: Concurrently, the need for affiliation motive has increased, which can be explained by the results indicating that athletes want support systems to help reduce stress. The DUAL2E support concept, on which this article is based, addresses these needs and aims to establish long-term support systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sebastian Schröder https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The position of diplomacy in Iranian sports
Sports diplomacy is a pervasive phenomenon that at the diplomatic level is one of the most important components of communication between countries and nations, and therefore it is important to know what is the position of Iran, as a powerful country in the field of diplomacy in this area. The purpose of this study was to investigate the position of diplomacy in Iranian sports. The research method was descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study was all political-sports managers and experts in the field of sports diplomacy who were selected by purposive and accessible sampling. The data collection method included library studies, semi-structured interviews with experts and finally the Delphi method in three stages. In order to identify the strategic position, the Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE) and the External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE) were used. The results showed that the position of Iranian sports diplomacy is in the position of WO (conservative strategy). In this regard, it is concluded that high-level officials and policymakers in the Ministry of Sports, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other relevant institutions should focus their plans on addressing weaknesses and taking advantage of existing opportunities.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohammad saeid Kiani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Realization of environmentally friendly behaviours in sports from the point of view of managers and organizers
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to realize environmentally friendly behaviors in sports from the point of view of managers and organizers of sports events. Methodology: In order to collect data, a 4-part researcher-made questionnaire including 40 questions was used. The face and content validity was confirmed by a survey of related faculty members, and its reliability was reported using Cronbach's alpha of 0.83. The statistical sample of the research consists of managers and organizers of sports events in ten provinces of the country. After distributing the questionnaires, finally 254 questionnaires were returned. Results: Data analysis was done using Amos and SPSS-19 software. Pearson's correlation coefficient and path analysis were used to test hypotheses, and bootstrap method was used to test indirect relationships (mediation). The proposed model was also tested to investigate the relationships between the factors. The results showed that the three factors of environmental awareness, perception of environmental effects, and the intention to support green sports events affect the actual environmental friendly behavior. Also, the results showed that the variable that intends to support green sports events plays a role as a mediating variable and the extent of the impact of environmental awareness and perception on the actual environmentally friendly behavior is caused by the intention to support green sports events. Conclusions: Based on the proposed research model, the environmentally friendly behaviors of sports event organizers and managers and their intention to protect green sports events are largely influenced by their knowledge and understanding of environmental issues. It seems that understanding the basic factors affecting people's actual and supportive behaviors towards green sports is necessary to promote environmental behavior.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohammad saeid Kiani, Leila Nazari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Healthy habits and risk behaviors in a sample of adolescents from Nicaragua
Adolescence is a critical stage for developing habits that impact long-term health. This study focused on evaluating healthy habits, risk behaviors, and their relationship with body mass index (BMI) in Nicaraguan adolescents. Factors such as diet, physical activity, substance use, sedentary behavior, and social media use were examined. The RAPHAEL survey (Risk Assessment, Physical Health, Addictions, and Emotional Life) was administered to 233 high school and university students under 18 years old. BMI was calculated and classified according to WHO standards. Statistical analyses were performed to compare variables between groups and assess associations. Overweight and obesity were more prevalent in university students, while high school students reported more time in sedentary activities but also greater physical activity. Both groups showed similar patterns in diet. Considerable alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in both groups. The findings highlight the need for early interventions to promote healthy habits and prevent overweight and obesity in Nicaraguan adolescents. The relationship between sedentary time, physical activity, and BMI underscores the importance of addressing both aspects together. Alcohol and tobacco use raise concerns about potential long-term health risks and the need for prevention programs. In conclusion, this study provides valuable information on health habits and risk behaviors in Nicaraguan adolescents. The results suggest the implementation of comprehensive health promotion programs in educational settings, focusing on healthy eating, physical activity, substance use prevention, and body weight management. It is crucial to address these factors to improve the health and well-being of adolescents in Nicaragua.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yuliana Lobach https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparative analysis of motor fitness components in women's cricket teams: a study of national and BKSP players in Bangladesh
Objective. This study aimed to compare the motor fitness components between the Women's National Cricket Team and the Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protishtan (BKSP) Women’s Cricket Team, two pivotal entities in the realm of women's cricket in Bangladesh. Methods. The subjects for this study were chosen at random from a pool of thirty (30) National level women cricket players from National Camp and thirty (30) women cricketers from BKSP. Various motor fitness components, including speed, agility, abdominal strength, and power of the arm and shoulder, were evaluated using standardized fitness tests. The chosen players were between the ages of 17 and 25. They have 4-13 years of training age at the time of collection data of them used to practices under the supervision of qualified coaches. For statistical analysis, mean, SD, and independent “t” test were measure throw SPSS software. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results. The findings revealed significant disparities in motor fitness components between the two teams. Notably, the Women's National Cricket Team exhibited superior performance in terms of speed, agility, and power of the arm and shoulder compared to the BKSP women’s cricket team where calculated t value were significant at 58 df at 0.05 level. However, no significant differences were observed in abdominal strength between the two teams as calculated t value were found to be not-significant at 58 df at 0.05 level. Conclusion. The comparative analysis underscores the distinctive strengths and areas for improvement within the Women's National Cricket Team and the BKSP Women’s Cricket Team. The outcomes of this study could inform targeted training programs and strategies tailored to optimize the motor fitness components specific to each team, ultimately enhancing their overall performance and competitiveness at the national and international levels.
Copyright (c) 2024 Farjana Akter Boby, Subrina Sultana Shara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physical practice, mental practice or both: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Introduction: Previous research has reached positive conclusions regarding the effects of mental practice on performance and learning of a motor skill. The purpose of this study was to use the aggregate data meta-analytic approach to assess the impact of physical practice (PP), mental practice (MP), and the combination of both on acquisition, retention, and transfer tests in motor skill performance. Methodology: Twenty-seven studies published up to 2022 were included by searching six databases. Random effects model using the standardized mean difference effect size (ES) was used to pool results. Results: A total of 42 ES, were calculated and separated into pairwise comparisons for acquisition, retention, and transfer phase. In the acquisition phase, it was found that MP was more effective than no practice (ES=0.508; n=25; CI=0.29,0.72), PP was more effective than no practice (ES=1.78; n=15; CI=0.97,2.60), CP was more effective than no practice (ES=1.16; n=12; CI=0.57,1.75), PP was more effective than MP (ES=-1.16; n=23; CI=-1.88,-0.45), PP had similar results as CP (ES=-0.01; n=16; CI=-0.31,0.28), and CP was more effective than MP (ES=0.61; n=12; CI=0.17,1.04). In the retention phase, it was found that MP was more effective than no practice (ES=1.11; n=5; CI=0.44,1.79), PP was more effective than no practice (ES=1.03; n=4; CI=0.08, 1.99), PP was more effective than MP (ES=-1.29; n=9; CI=-3.12,0.54), PP had similar results as CP (ES=0.16; n=8; CI=-0.29,0.63), CP had similar results as MP (ES=-0.06; n=3; CI=-1.22,1.09). In the transfer phase, it was found that MP was more effective than no practice (ES=1.12; n=5; CI=0.01,1.59), PP had similar results as no practice (ES=0.41; n=5; CI=-0.02,0.85), and PP was more effective than MP (ES=0.50; n=6; CI=0.12,0.87). Age, skill level, type of mental practice, total of sessions, and type of skill were considered as possible moderator variables. Conclusions: Mental practice does not replace physical practice, however, under some conditions, physical practice can be complemented with mental practice.
Copyright (c) 2024 Judith Jiménez-Díaz, Karla Chaves-Castro, María Morera-Castro, Priscilla Portuguez-Molina, Gabriela Morales-Scholz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The path to a reinvigoration of Andalusian University Sports
Andalusian University Sports must be understood from a much broader concept than what the competition represents; even this cooperation between universities could be beneficial in achieving greater results in their different areas and internal action programs. For all these reasons, the first step must be for the universities to determine what their path is, how Andalusian university sports and the Andalusian University Sports Group itself are visualized in the medium and long term.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pablo Martínez Martínez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Psychometric properties and factorial invariance of bias scale trait version in engineering and health sciences university students
Beauty and thinness standards of come from a cultural idea that even today is considered esthetic; being physically perfect has become one of the main objectives in developed societies, a goal imposed by new models of life, in which the aspect of body image is associated with wellbeing and seems to be the only valid synonym of success and happiness. However, negative body image has serious consequences for health behaviors and is associated with low self-esteem, depression, social anxiety and contributes to the development and maintenance of body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders. In this context, the present instrumental study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of BIAS (Body Image Anxiety Scale) testing, trait version, in engineering and health sciences students, evaluating in the students anxiety about body parts that correspond, on the one hand with physical beauty, for example: lips, forehead, chin; and on the other hand, those related to body weight, such as: abdomen, thighs, hips, among others. The total sample consisted of 1081 participants; 568 engineering students (142 women and 426 man) and 513 health sciences students (201 women and 311 man), with a mean age of 18.16 years (SD = 0.73) and 18.21 years (SD = 0.72) respectively, the sample was obtained through convenience sampling. The instrument was applied through a computerized application using the instrument administrator module of scales editor, version 2.0 in a session of approximately 25 minutes in the computer labs corresponding to each participating academic unit. The confirmatory factorial analysis showed that a bi-factorial structure is feasible and convenient for both populations (engineering and health sciences) according to the established psychometric requirements when the informants were the same students. Furthermore, the factorial structure, factorial loads and the intercepts are considered invariant in the engineering and health sciences areas; however, there are differences in the mean of both factors among the two populations.
confirmatory multi-sample factorial analysis
Copyright (c) 2023 Susana Aguirre, Claudia Eugenia Lara Carillo, José René Blanco Ornelas, Carlos Javier Ortiz Rodríguez
Differences between functional movement screen and somatotype to young handball and volleyball players
Introduction. Handball and volleyball are among the world's popular sports, which are played practically in every country at different levels of competition. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in somatotype and morphological characteristics between young handball players and volleyball players as well as the differences in the results of functional body mobility tests between the tested groups. Material and Methods. The research included a sample of 23 female athletes who were divided into two subsamples, as follows. A total of 12 athletes were from the Handball team and a total of 11 athletes were from the Volleyball team. The following anthropometric measurements were conducted: Height and body mass, four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinal and calf), breadths (humerus and femur diameters) and girths (arm and calf). Body mass (kg) and body fat (%) of the subjects were measured by the method of bioelectrical impedance (TANITA 545N) with an accuracy of 0.1 kg. Functional Movement Score is a scanning system which includes seven steps (i.e., deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability). Results. The results of the study in female handball players recorded a higher percentage of body fat and body mass index compared to female volleyball players (p <.05), while no statistically significant difference was recorded in body weight and height. Analyzing the somatotype of players, it is noticeable that handball players have higher values of endomorphism and mesomorphism, while volleyball players have higher values of ectomorphism. Statistically significant differences were observed in mesomorph and ectomorph (p <.001). In the Functional Movement Screen test, it was noticeable that statistically significant differences were recorded in the two variables (Shoulder mobility and trunk stability push up) in favor of the volleyball players, as well as in the overall standings, while in the other variables no statistically significant difference was recorded. Conclusions. Determining somatotype must occupy the attention of coaches who work with young athletes. Movement-based assessment serves to pinpoint functional deficits (or bio-markers) related to proprioceptive, mobility and stability weaknesses.
Español The expressive creation of the body through music in compulsory secondary education
In the didactic intervention that is presented, the expressive corporal creation is developed in the students of the second year of Compulsory Secondary Education, which starts from the search for musical and expressive corporal resources, where hearing and corporal expression converge, in addition to the knowledge of musical language. as a learning process.It is developed with a sample of 90 students from the same educational center. The objective of the educational experience was to promote capacities, abilities, attitudes and creative aptitudes through corporal expression. It is carried out through an active, cooperative methodology, in three class groups, where flexible groupings are used that favor enrichment among the students. The evaluation tool has been a rubric. Throughout the didactic intervention, data is collected from each class group in the experiential phase, deepening phase and in the creative expression phase. In the conclusions obtained, it can be deduced that the creation of corporal expression through music is currently presented as necessary to promote creative development, through didactic interventions in which experiential, comprehensive and quality learning is encouraged.
Musculoskeletal pain, sedentary time and physical activity in amateur electronic sports players. Pilot study.
Purpose: To know the degree of Physical Activity performed by players who are fond of practicing e-sports, the time they dedicate to sedentary activities and check if these aspects are related to the presence of joint and muscle pain that may affect them in their lives every day. Method: N=139 participants (20 women) carried out an online survey that included the Nordic Kuorinka Questionnaire (1987), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and questions of a sociodemographic nature and anthropometric variables between the months of January and April 2021. Independent variables: gender, age, BMI, time sitting and weekly METs. Dependent variables: responses in the Nordic Questionnaire by Kuorinka (1987) and the questions of a sociodemographic and anthropometric nature. The statistical methods used were the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, the Mann-Whitney non-parametric U test, the Rho Spearman non-parametric correlation test and, as an effect size statistic, Cohen's D. Results: Most discomfort in the lumbar and cervical area. Average hours sitting = 7.26h / day, low level of PA (590.42 METs), normal BMI but close to overweight (24.98). Statistically significant correlations between sitting time and METs (rs = ?0.312, p <0.00), and pain in the lumbar area with cervical areas (rs = ?0.329, p <0.00) and shoulder (rs = ?0.363, p <0.00). Finally, there are no significant differences between men and women in sitting time, but there are in hand and wrist pain scores [U = 857,000; p = 0.0015]. Conclusions: 1) The number of hours that study participants spend sitting per day are close to other studies, being similar. 2) Participants suffer more discomfort in the lumbar and cervical area than in the shoulder, wrist or forearm areas, with a higher percentage in the group of women. 3) No correlations were found between playing hours and daily difficulties for activities, work, studies, sports, using the computer and training or competing in e-sports.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jose Luis Aguilar Reguero
Physical activity as a treatment for non-specific chronic low back pain: a systematic review.
Low back pain (LBP) is one of the disabilities that most affects the adult population (70%) today. At present, too much importance has been given to biomechanical factors and concern about them, such as maintaining correct postural hygiene, without paying attention to other factors such as the person's environmental context and economic conditions. In this review work we have tried to review in depth the causes, treatment and readaptation of chronic non-specific low back pain, which precisely corresponds to 85% of cases of low back pain. The databases used for the search for information were Scopus, Sportdiscus, Pubmed and different high impact journals according to Web of Science. Current evidence suggests that it should be evaluated and treated from a more integrated approach such as the biopsychosocial model, carried out by a multidisciplinary team, where the patient is an active part of the readaptation process, in which it will be as important to evaluate the different factors that have caused its appearance and treatment, as well as its prevention. Therefore, this work proposes an intervention based on a physical exercise program adapted and individualized to the conditions of the subject, as well as an educational intervention on the causes and evolution of this disability, avoiding the generation of kinesiophobic behavior triggering sedentary behavior.
Copyright (c) 2022 Miguel Carreño García, Alejandro García González, Nerea Castillo Espinar, José María Amo Escobar
Systematic review of the impact of physical activity on depression and anxiety symptoms
By 2020, depression is estimated to be the main cause of disability and the second leading contributor to the global burden of disease, affecting 340 million people worldwide [1]. Influence a person's thinking, actions, motivation, emotions, and well-being. Anhedonia is thought to be the primary symptom of depression, which refers to a loss of interest or pleasure in various activities that normally bring individuals happiness. Depression is a symptom of mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and dysthymia [2]. This review aims to describe the scientific literature that has explored the influence and effect of physical activity on symptoms of depression. Using the electronic databases Scopus, Psycho-info, CINAHL, PubMed and ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Research Gate, I was able to locate publications on this issue using the following keywords: physical activity, physical effort, depression, depressive symptom, and anxiety. Physical activity is a significant role in reducing the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, independent of the subject's age, gender, or medical condition, as demonstrated by the 17 studies included in this study.
Copyright (c) 2022 Muntean Raul Ioan, Mihaela Oravi?an
Effects of ingestion of ketogenic salts of betahydroxybutyrate, ketone esters and 1,3-butanediol on endurance exercise: a systematic review
Los cuerpos cetónicos son pequeñas moléculas derivadas de la grasa que proporcionan energía a los tejidos cuando hay escasez de glucosa, como durante la inanición o el ejercicio prolongado y se transportan a través del torrente sanguíneo hacia los tejidos metabólicamente activos, como los músculos o el cerebro. El betahidroxibutirato (?HB) es un sustrato eficiente, que produce un 31 % más de energía en concreto 243,6 kcal/mol por molécula de carbono, frente a los 185,7 kcal/mol del piruvato. Tanto el diéster de acetoacetato R,S-1,3-butanodiol como el monoéster de cetona R-3-hidroxibutilo R-3-hidroxibutirato se han probado en atletas de élite con resultados variables. Además, la ingesta de sales cetogénicas de ?HB produce efectos metabólicos significativos como la reducción de los niveles de glucosa y lactato en sangre, incremento del glucógeno muscular y mayor utilización intramuscular de triglicéridos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica con el objetivo de englobar toda la evidencia relacionada con los efectos de la ingesta de sales cetogénicas de ?HB en la realización de ejercicio de resistencia. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en Pubmed y Elsevier siguiendo las directrices PRISMA, seleccionando finalmente 9 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión establecidos y abordaban la temática de forma específica. Los artículos examinados mostraron que la ingesta de sales cetogénicas de ?HB no mejoran el rendimiento en el ejercicio de resistencia. La ingesta de sales cetogénicas de ?HB elevan los niveles séricos de ?HB. Una dosis mayor o menor de sales cetogénicas de ?HB no muestran un resultado diferente en los test físicos de los estudios analizados. La ingesta de sales cetogénicas de ?HB podrían tener un efecto negativo en el rendimiento en deportes de resistencia. Se necesitan más estudios que contengan dosis más altas de sales cetogénicas de ?HB con la realización de test de resistencia de mayor duración a un nivel de intensidad alto de manera constante.
Copyright (c) 2022 Pedro José González Matarín
Effects of Stretching during Warm-Up on Motor Performance: a Protocol for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis
Before starting any physical activity, it is common to warm-up. However, the effects of including stretching in the warm-up remain controversial, and so does the most appropriate type of stretching depending on the activity to be performed afterwards. Thus, the aim of this article is to establish a systematic review protocol to analyze the effects of including different types of stretching in the warm-up on motor performance. The different basic physical abilities (strength, endurance, speed, flexibility) and coordinative abilities (coordination, balance, agility) will be analyzed. To this end, a systematic review will be carried out by examining eight electronic databases (Web of Science™ (all databases), Scopus, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, Pub-Med, CINAHL, Cochrane Library Plus, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global™ and WorldCat), along with carrying out a complementary search phase (snowballing). This will be followed by a meta-analysis, where each selected study will be coded (study characteristics, participant characteristics, intervention characteristics, intervention outcomes) using an ad hoc code established by the research group and previously tested on a sample of studies at the beginning of the review. To ensure the methodological quality of the systematic review, as well as its accuracy and transparency, the PRISMA-P and Cochrane Handbook protocol for systematic reviews will be employed.
Copyright (c) 2022 Rubén Fernández-Agulló
Effect of gamification-based programs in the school physical education setting: a systematic review protocol
Introduction: Gamification is an innovative methodology that uses game elements, such as, for instance, narrative, rewards, or avatars, to influence student´s motivation with the aim of improving the teaching and learning process. The main purpose of the systematic review presented in this protocol will be to examine the scientific literature on the effects of gamified didactic proposals in the context of Physical Education on learning and its mediators in schoolchildren. Method: The databases search following the search strategies and the download and collection in the reference manager will be completed from its insertion to December 2022. This search will include the following electronic bibliographic databases: Web of ScienceTM (all databases), Scopus, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, ERIC, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses GlobalTM. Results: This systematic review will be a useful resource for teachers and researchers belonging to the area from Physical Education, since they will be able to easily know the current evidence about the topic, to know how this methodology is designed and its effectiveness compared to traditional methodologies. Discussion and conclusions: The systematic review to be carried out in the near future can provide information on the recommended length of gamification programs in Physical Education, its unique elements for improve the teaching and learning process, as well as describe the impact of intrinsic motivation on academic performance, improve the participation and increase of physical activity levels.
Copyright (c) 2022 Carlos Alberto Becerra-Fernández
Proposal of an instrument to evaluate happiness: the Sophie Model
Given the importance of happiness for human beings, in this work an instrument was developed and evaluated to determine the level of happiness: the Sophie Model. For the evaluation, a factor analysis of the items was carried out; for the extraction of the factors, diagonally weighted least squares and a robust prominent rotation algorithm were used. The instrument was constructed from 78 items, which describe five dimensions of happiness: social relationships, life goals, inner balance, external vision and physical health. The instrument was applied to two samples of participants, together with the Subjective Happiness Scale: 417 people from Nicaragua (age 24.3 years ± 9.5 years, 60% women) and 71 people from Colombia (age 29.2 years ± 13.4 years, 51% women). According to the results obtained, unlike the initial model of the five dimensions proposed, the following were found: family, friends, physical health, external vision, purpose in life and internal balance, which has the appropriate adjustment indexes (RMSR, RMSEA, CFI, NNFI), as well as an adequate reliability estimated from Cronbach's alpha (? > 0.7). The Sophie Model and its subscales correlated positively and significantly (p < 0.05) with the Subjective Happiness Scale. For the Nicaraguan sample, it was found that professionals are happier than students (p < 0.05), but this result was not replicated in the Colombian sample. It was also found that the Colombian sample is happier than the Nicaraguan sample (p < 0.05). It is concluded that the Sophie Model and its five dimensions can explain happiness. Additionally, the instrument designed has adequate psychometric properties to estimate happiness, and can be used in evaluation studies of public and organizational policies and their impact on people's well-being. In subsequent studies, with a larger and more diverse sample, it will be possible to refine the instrument.
Copyright (c) 2022 Yuliana Lobach, Arnoldo González
Differences in physical-coordinative capacities in children from 6 to 12 years old
Sports practice has a positive influence on physical and coordination maturity in childhood. This is a descriptive study and its purpose was to assess the differences in coordination skills, speed and flexibility, between children participating in extracurricular sports activities and a control group. 146 schoolchildren between 6 and 12 years old (92 boys and 54 girls) participated, 68 who practiced athletics, 49 soccer and 29 who did not perform any extracurricular activity. Three different tests were applied whose main objective was to determine the significant differences in the levels of visual-motor and general coordination (Test 3JS), speed-coordination (Test shuttle run 4x10) and extensibility of the hamstring muscles (Test Sit and Reach). Data are reported as mean and standard deviation. A descriptive analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) have been performed to examine the differences between the three groups (athletics, football and control group). The results of this analysis point to the existence of significant differences between the groups that perform extracurricular sports with respect to the control group. The soccer group is the one that shows the highest coordination index and the one that registers the lowest scores in flexibility. The athletics group is the one that shows the best index in flexibility and in task 5 (Slalom race, General dynamic coordination) of the 3JS Test. The control group obtained the lowest results in the different tests with respect to the schoolchildren who participated in extracurricular sports, except in the levels of flexibility, which are slightly better than the soccer group.
Copyright (c) 2022 María Gámez Gómez, Alejandro Fernández González, Samantha Muller, Mª del Carmen Losada Berlanga
BODILY EXPRESSION THROUGH QUALITIES OF SOUND AND CREATIVITY IN SECONDARY EDUCATION
This study aims to promote the development of creativity through through the qualities of sound and body expression, with first-year students Compulsory Secondary Education. The relationship between music and expression It is known that the body promotes in the human being a multitude of abilities, capacities and skills that are necessary, and that in turn favor the comprehensive education of students of any educational stage. In the current educational reality, on the other hand, creativity is presented as a quality with a great social impact, therefore, its presence in all matters of knowledge is increasing. The use of music in the process of learning is presented as an important tool in this study, allowing the acquisition of skills to express ideas, experiences or feelings creatively, especially present in content related to performance, musical creation and body expression, to encourage the student to experience their own learning and experience a change in the perception of music in general, in addition to providing them with a broader vision and closer to musical knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Physical Education and Human Movement
IMPROVING POST-EXERCISE ATTENTION IN SCHOOL ATHLETES
This paper aims to analyze the evolutionary development of attention and obtain Normative data of the d2 selective attention test in schoolchildren who practice sports and that these are similar to results obtained in previous studies. 14 schoolchildren participated (8 girls) aged between 10 and 12 years (11.32 ? .63 years). All the Participants had minimal competitive experience and were tested on same day after a medium intensity workout. Test results show an improvement in the results of attention in the post-test, although these differences are not are statistically significant, likewise we did not find significant differences in the level of attention in terms of gender, although the results of the girls are slightly superior to the boys that could be due to the maturational level of both sexes in this evolutionary stage.
THE ART OF WAR APPLIED TO COMPETITIVE SPORTS
This article is an adaptation of Sun Tzu's interesting and quirky classical masterpiece “The Art of War” (2005) to high-level competitive sport. Specifically in team sports. The author teaches us the strategy to wisely apply the knowledge of human nature in moments of confrontation. It is a strategic treatise that, extrapolated to the playing fields, offers a unique paradigm of improvement and effort. It turns out to be an advisable manual for the figure of the sports coach. The objective of this article is to present the relationship between the elements involved in the battles of war and in sports battles, so that the ingredients of war are transferred to sport, and from a psychological perspective, it provides a way of seeing competition, of facing challenges, of performing at the highest level, of trying win... of achieve victory. The essential contents to achieve the objectives in sport are based on the aspects that Sun Tzu collects in his military treatise: strategic criteria; In the battle; the planning; the order; the force; Empty and full; The struggle; variables; maneuvers; the land; the nine kinds of parties; the provision of information; the attack. The conclusions reached in this adaptation are, among others, that the coach must strengthen his authority and mark a disciplinary line, which means organization, chain of command and logistics. Also, select the brave to attack, the careful to defend and the intelligent to communicate. The skill in the lineup will determine the strength of the team. Likewise, the coach must be provided with information for the planning and organization of a good team, so that he finally knows that it is not enough to know how to attack, but it is necessary to know how to prevent others from attacking you.
USE OF SOCIAL LISTENING FOR THE ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF PERSONAL BRANDING ON SPORTS STARS
The presence on the Internet and the social networks of the great athletes supposes a economic impact linked to brand positioning, both personal and of entities on which they depend. This is an initial and exploratory research that provides a theoretical analysis on the use of social listening through commercial tools to analyze the emotional impact of the personal brand of athletes recognized in the online audience. Data mining on sports stars and their clubs or entities, in 2.0 ecosystems that include social networks, forums, websites and blogs, to Through numerous technological tools, it allows you to strategically plan your communication and digital marketing actions, and obtain the best result from the point of economic view. By monitoring what is said about each athlete, it is possible to measure between several factors the real impact of the personal brand, the feeling of affinity, the level of interaction, the associated keywords or the sociodemographic trait of the followers or detractors.
ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONING IN A COLLECTIVE SPORTS CLUB TO FACILITATE SUCCESS
The organization and functioning of a sports club is not as clear and simple as might be anticipated a priori. An analysis has been carried out on the aspects to take into account when working in a sports club from the board, through the coaching staff and players, to the most specific aspects of training and competition. With this alone, success in the competition will not be achieved, but there are various points or fields to be addressed, which are of great importance to facilitate this achievement. The functions that each member of the technical staff must have, as well as the different management departments of the club, are added. The objectives have been (I) to determine the different parameters to be taken into account in a sports club, (II) to describe functions and characteristics of the different professional positions and/or parameters mentioned and (III) to encourage professionals in the sports field to achieve sporting success in his club. To finish, it is concluded that aspects such as professionalism in the different areas of the club, interdisciplinary and collaborative work, as well as a good working environment, are fundamental aspects to take into account when wanting to reach this achievement.
PERSONAL AUTONOMY AND PSYCHOMOTOR STATUS IN 3-4 YEAR OLD STUDENTS
In the period of Early Childhood Education (0-6 years) it is important that children acquire the necessary skills that allow them to tackle basic tasks such as eating, dressing, cleaning themselves or any other that guarantees a normalized integration in their educational, family and social environment. The present study analyzes different skills related to motor development and its relationship with personal autonomy, in schoolchildren between 3 and 4 years old, within two different contexts, the school classroom and the family home, using a spreadsheet as evaluation tools. direct observation and a survey for relatives. The results obtained on the battery of skills evaluated showed that there are students between 3 and 4 years old with shortcomings in their personal autonomy, below the expected level, especially in tasks related to eating and the execution of simple gestures (dressing, undressing, etc.). , fasten a button) without needing adult supervision. The results indicate that it would be important to include within the psychomotor work in early childhood education, the skills and abilities aimed at enhancing the personal autonomy of children of these ages.
PHYSICAL EXERCISE PROGRAMS FOR THE PREVENTION OF FALLS IN THE ELDERLY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Introduction: the aging of the population is a fact that entails changes that affect today's society. This increase favors an increase in the number of falls in the elderly. Material and method: the objective of this systematic review is to identify and analyze the effectiveness of physical exercise programs for the prevention of falls in people over 65 years of age. This review has been based on the compilation of studies from 2008 to 2018 where the effects of physical exercise programs aimed at reducing falls in older people were evaluated. The databases used for the review were PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science. A total of 19 experimental studies were obtained from this search. Results: The results show a positive relationship between people who perform these exercise programs and their improvement in balance, strength, and gait.
TIME OF MOTOR COMMITMENT IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
Introduction: according to Gómez and Sánchez (2014), the motor commitment time is that time in which the students dedicate it to a motor activity, considered as a measure of teaching effectiveness as it is the time in which more learning occurs in a physical education class. Material and method: in this work the main objective has been to assess the time of motor commitment of the students, so that I have registered a sample of 20 students of the first cycle of primary education over 4 weeks (1 month), at different hours of the day. The tool used has been a stopwatch and a record sheet where the moments of motor activity of the students during the session were collected. Results: an average of 54.29% of the motor engagement time in physical education sessions was obtained. Conclusions: the time of motor engagement in our study is low, being higher in the session after recess and lower during the first session in the morning.